Table 7 Direct and indirect effects under the Fixed effect SDM model.
Variables | Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effect |
|---|---|---|---|
Inpatent | − 0.20*** (0.08) | − 0.04 (0.09) | − 0.24*** (0.06) |
Inhedu | − 1.11*** (− 0.25) | − 1.31*** (0.44) | − 2.42*** (0.45) |
rd | − 0.15** (0.08) | − 0.05 (0.15) | − 0.20 (0.16) |
urban | − 0.07*** (0.01) | 0.09*** (0.02) | 0.02** (0.02) |
Intec | 1.49*** (0.11) | − 0.08 (0.26) | 1.41*** (0.29) |
trand | 0.23*** (0.29) | 0.27* (0.57) | 0.49*** (0.59) |
Log-likelihood | − 17.91 | − 17.91 | − 17.91 |
R2 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 |
Observations | 330 | 330 | 330 |
Number of code | 30 | 30 | 30 |
