Figure 6 | Scientific Reports

Figure 6

From: A novel combinatorial approach using sulforaphane- and withaferin A-rich extracts for prevention of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer through epigenetic and gut microbial mechanisms

Figure 6

Gut microbial composition changes in dietary treatment groups before and after tumor onset. (A) Alpha-diversity before tumor onset: observed species, PD whole tree, Shannon and Simpson diversity. The asterisk indicates statistical significance (*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01) upon One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. Here, BSp: Broccoli sprouts; Ash: Ashwagandha; BSp + Ash: Broccoli sprouts and Ashwagandha combination. (B) Bray Curtis 3D-PCoA plot before tumor onset. The red dots indicate control group samples, green dots indicate BSp group samples, yellow dots indicate Ash group samples, blue dots indicate combinatorial BSp + Ash group samples. Statistical analysis of Bray–Curtis and weighed Unifrac tests of beta diversity was performed using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Statistical significance: control-BSp (p = 0.007), control-Ash (p = 0.043), control-combination (p = 0.003); and with weighed Unifrac control-BSp (p = 0.462), control-Ash (p = 0.042), control-combination (p = 0.002). (C) Phylum level changes of microbial community in dietary treated groups before tumor onset. The top 10 abundant phyla in respective groups are represented in pie charts. D) Alpha-diversity after tumor onset: observed species, PD whole tree, Shannon and Simpson diversity. The asterisk indicates statistical significance (*p ≤ 0.05) upon One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. Here, BSp: Broccoli sprouts; Ash: Ashwagandha; BSp + Ash: Broccoli sprouts and Ashwagandha combination. (E) Bray Curtis 3D-PCoA plot after tumor onset. The red dots indicate control group samples, green dots indicate BSp group samples, yellow dots indicate Ash group samples, blue dots indicate combinatorial BSp + Ash group samples. Statistical analysis of Bray–Curtis and weighed Unifrac tests of beta diversity was performed using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Statistical significance: control-BSp (p = 0.007), control-Ash (p = 0.043), control-combination (p = 0.003); and with weighed Unifrac control-BSp (p = 0.462), control-Ash (p = 0.042), control-combination (p = 0.002). (F) Phylum level changes of microbial community in dietary treated groups after tumor onset. The top 10 abundant phyla in respective groups are represented in pie charts.

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