Table 1 Baseline characteristicsa of participants according to morbidity group (Etude NutriNet-Santé, France).

From: Chronic insomnia, high trait anxiety and their comorbidity as risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus

 

Full sample

No anxiety or insomnia

Anxiety onlyb

Insomnia only

Anxiety-insomnia comorbidity

p-valuec

N

35,014

18,027 (51.5%)

9986 (28.5%)

2615 (7.5%)

4386 (12.5%)

 

Incident T2D

378 (1.1)

180 (1.0)

66 (1.1)

27 (1.0)

105 (1.5)

0.034

Age, years (mean, SD)

52.4 (14.0)

53.8 (14.0)

49.7 (14.5)

54.4 (12.3)

51.2 (12.9)

 < 0.001

Age category

 18–34 years

5303 (15.1)

2378 (13.2)

2063 (20.7)

234 (8.9)

628 (14.3)

 < 0.001

 35–54 years

13,041 (37.2)

6270 (34.8)

3921 (39.3)

965 (36.9)

1885 (43.0)

 55–64 years

8808 (25.2)

4571 (25.4)

2188 (21.9)

855 (32.7)

1194 (27.2)

 ≥ 65 years

7862 (22.5)

4808 (26.7)

1814 (18.2)

561 (21.5)

679 (15.5)

Sex

 Male

8337 (23.8)

5442 (30.2)

1785 (17.9)

499 (19.1)

611 (13.9)

 < 0.001

 Female

26,677 (76.2)

12,585 (69.8)

8201 (82.1)

2116 (80.9)

3775 (86.1)

Educational leveld

 Less than high school

5005 (14.9)

2588 (14.9)

1401 (14.6)

368 (14.6)

648 (15.5)

 < 0.001

 High school diploma

5640 (16.8)

2904 (16.7)

1581 (16.5)

430 (17.1)

725 (17.3)

 Some college, undergraduate degree

10,672 (31.7)

5396 (31.1)

3020 (31.6)

841 (33.4)

1415 (33.8)

 Graduate degree

12,308 (36.6)

6460 (37.2)

3567 (37.3)

877 (34.9)

1404 (33.5)

Employment categorye

 Manual/blue collar, farmer

883 (2.6)

466 (2.7)

242 (2.5)

58 (2.3)

117 (2.8)

 < 0.001

 Office work/administrative staff

9963 (29.8)

4599 (26.6)

3161 (33.3)

748 (29.8)

1455 (35.1)

 Professional/executive staff

7869 (23.4)

4104 (23.7)

2254 (23.7)

540 (21.5)

931 (22.4)

 Retired

11,491 (34.4)

6834 (39.5)

2668 (28.1)

913 (36.4)

1076 (25.9)

 Without professional activity

3267 (9.8)

1278 (7.4)

1171 (12.3)

249 (9.9)

569 (13.7)

Children aged < 18 years living in household (yes)

8954 (25.6)

4326 (24.0)

2785 (27.9)

623 (23.8)

1220 (27.8)

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2) (mean, SD)

24.0 (4.4)

24.0 (4.1)

23.8 (4.5)

24.3 (4.4)

24.2 (5.0)

 < 0.001

BMI category

 Underweight (< 18.5)

1625 (4.6)

656 (3.6)

588 (5.9)

107 (4.1)

274 (6.2)

 < 0.001

 Normal weight (18.5–24.9)

21,807 (62.3)

11,384 (63.1)

6262 (62.7)

1579 (60.4)

2582 (58.9)

 Overweight (25.0–29.9)

8495 (24.3)

4571 (25.4)

2244 (22.5)

668 (25.5)

1012 (23.1)

 Obese (≥ 30.0)

3087 (8.8)

1416 (7.9)

892 (8.9)

261 (10.0)

518 (11.8)

Physical activity levelf

 Low

7662 (22.9)

3340 (19.8)

2527 (26.6)

568 (22.8)

1137 (27.5)

 < 0.001

 Moderate

13,574 (40.6)

6892 (39.9)

3998 (42.1)

1053 (42.2)

1631 (39.5)

 High

12,186 (36.5)

6964 (40.3)

2981 (31.4)

875 (35.1)

1366 (33.0)

Sedentariness (minutes spent sitting/day)f (mean, SD)

348.8 (200.0)

337.5 (198.9)

364.4 (206.5)

339.9 (189.6)

365.2 (191.9)

 < 0.001

Alcohol use (g ethanol/day)g (mean, SD)

7.0 (9.8)

7.46 (10.0)

6.4 (9.3)

7.3 (10.0)

6.4 (9.7)

 < 0.001

Smoking statush

 Never smoker

17,106 (50.5)

8775 (50.2)

5132 (53.2)

1179 (46.5)

2020 (47.9)

 < 0.001

 Former smoker

13,117 (38.7)

6993 (40.0)

3382 (35.1)

1098 (43.3)

1644 (39.0)

 Current smoker

3665 (10.8)

1728 (9.9)

1127 (11.7)

260 (10.2)

550 (13.1)

Depressive symptoms over past week (yes)i

4007 (11.8)

343 (2.0)

1974 (20.5)

112 (4.4)

1578 (37.2)

 < 0.001

History of hypertension (yes)

5309 (15.2)

2839 (15.7)

1372 (13.7)

421 (16.1)

677 (15.4)

 < 0.001

History of dyslipidemia (yes)

6475 (18.5)

3292 (18.3)

1743 (17.5)

526 (20.1)

914 (20.8)

 < 0.001

Family history of T2D

6781 (19.4)

3299 (18.3)

1953 (19.6)

571 (21.8)

958 (21.8)

 < 0.001

Personal history of gestational diabetes

55 (0.2)

27 (0.1)

19 (0.2)

2 (0.1)

7 (0.2)

0.6

  1. BMI body mass index, STAI state-trait anxiety inventory, T2D type 2 diabetes.
  2. aValues represent n (%) unless noted otherwise.
  3. bHigh trait anxiety was defined as STAI-T ≥ 40. STAI-T, form Y; score range: 20–80 points; higher scores reflect higher proneness to anxiety.
  4. cObtained by ANOVA or Chi-Squared test, as appropriate.
  5. d “Educational level” contained 1389 missing values that were imputed prior to the main analysis.
  6. e"Without professional activity" includes "homemaker, disabled, unemployed or student; “Employment category” contained 1581 missing values that were imputed prior to the main analysis.
  7. fAssessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form according to established scoring criteria; “Physical activity level” contained 1592 missing values that were imputed prior to the main analysis; “Sedentariness” contained 1626 missing values that were imputed prior to the main analysis.
  8. g “Alcohol use” contained 1115 missing values that were imputed prior to the main analysis.
  9. h”Smoking status” contained 1126 missing values that were imputed prior to the main analysis.
  10. iDepressive symptomatology was defined as Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, CES-D ≥ 17 in men and CES-D ≥ 23 in women; the variable contained 1059 missing values that were imputed prior to the main analysis.
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