Table 1 Geomorphological classification.

From: The geological origins and soil properties of loess-like silty clay: a case study in the jinan area

Level I

Level II

Micro-geomorphology

Plain Geomorphology

Accumulative Geomorphology

Alluvial Plain

Floodplains, artificial levees, swamps, fishponds

Fluvial-Alluvial Plain

Riverbeds, terraces, gullies, embankments

Mountainous Geomorphology

Erosional Geomorphology

Residual Hills and Hillocks

Gullies, "U"-shaped valleys, terraces, cliffs, landslides

Low Mountains

"V"-shaped valleys, man-made cliffs, landslides

Karst Geomorphology

Karstified Hills and Low Mountains

Caves, karren, solution channels