Table 2 Three-way ANOVA result for three measured variables.

From: Gender differences in neck muscle activity during near-maximum forward head flexion while using smartphones with varied postures

Variables

Responses

SS

DF

MS

F

Significance

η2

Gender (G)

Cervical erector spinae

150

1

150

21.47

 < 0.001

0.060

Upper trapezius

107

1

107

12.74

 < 0.001

0.037

Neck flexion

2408

1

2408

54.87

 < 0.001

0.140

Posture (P)

Cervical erector spinae

50

2

25

3.61

 < 0.05

0.021

Upper trapezius

284

2

142

16.91

 < 0.001

0.091

Neck flexion

330

2

165

3.77

 < 0.05

0.024

Head angle (HA)

Cervical erector spinae

621

3

207

29.68

 < 0.001

0.209

Upper trapezius

579

3

193

22.94

 < 0.001

0.170

Neck flexion

41306

3

13769

313.76

 < 0.001

0.737

G × P

Cervical erector spinae

123

2

61

8.81

 < 0.001

0.050

Upper trapezius

70

2

35

4.14

 < 0.05

0.024

Neck flexion

170

2

85

1.93

0.147

0.011

G × HA

Cervical erector spinae

27

3

9

1.28

0.282

0.011

Upper trapezius

27

3

9

1.07

0.360

0.010

Neck flexion

356

3

119

2.70

 < 0.05

0.024

P × HA

Cervical erector spinae

29

6

5

0.69

0.658

0.012

Upper trapezius

221

6

37

4.39

 < 0.001

0.073

Neck flexion

800

6

133

3.03

 < 0.01

0.051

G × P × HA

Cervical erector spinae

26

6

4

0.63

0.704

0.011

Upper trapezius

39

6

6

0.76

0.598

0.013

Neck flexion

28

6

5

0.11

0.996

0.002

  1. SS, Sum of square; DF, Degree of freedom; MS, Mean square; F, F-value; η2, Effect size.
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