Table 2 MA-WOA performance compared to WOA, MWOA, LEWOA, and HWOA.

Size	Dataset	Evaluation	WOA	MWOA	LEWOA	HWOA	MA-WOA
Small	DS1	BFV	124.22	140.96	144.04	141.48	146.48
		STD	7.61	4.71	4.17	6.12	2.56
		AET	34.53	180.73	46.00	87.93	60.20
	DS2	BFV	119.79	138.74	146.41	142.67	143.20
		STD	5.91	6.87	7.00	9.33	2.90
		AET	36.13	410.40	51.50	94.77	61.90
	DS3	BFV	123.88	150.25	148.38	139.23	153.00
		STD	5.88	7.18	7.19	7.63	3.52
		AET	35.53	770.30	51.63	90.50	70.77
	DS4	BFV	166.17	199.57	196.68	198.71	215.57
		STD	10.43	11.52	11.89	11.81	11.44
		AET	32.83	777.87	51.90	96.97	66.37
Medium	DS5	BFV	254.04	277.72	286.83	272.82	303.19
		STD	9.93	7.81	6.99	17.49	6.85
		AET	65.40	150.93	87.50	182.77	90.20
	DS6	BFV	334.83	373.50	402.98	386.97	398.29
		STD	11.48	12.35	16.65	22.17	10.34
		AET	87.33	172.93	110.60	255.70	91.47
	DS7	BFV	293.86	338.60	366.26	326.52	374.43
		STD	8.69	10.47	12.48	11.69	8.03
		AET	103.57	179.93	135.93	438.80	111.93
	DS8	BFV	356.96	407.96	405.37	410.99	417.35
		STD	12.53	15.00	9.67	24.88	9.61
		AET	124.10	210.60	152.87	493.90	128.33
Large	DS9	BFV	414.06	429.52	450.75	462.96	488.27
		STD	14.19	14.22	13.50	24.56	13.57
		AET	139.23	229.13	177.13	513.50	251.23
	DS10	BFV	456.94	530.05	564.30	523.40	585.93
		STD	17.78	25.02	25.48	25.54	16.84
		AET	159.23	250.50	190.27	616.67	277.43
	DS11	BFV	483.60	520.15	529.55	567.40	604.86
		STD	18.64	19.77	20.36	36.01	19.01
		AET	184.63	371.53	220.93	731.90	286.27
	DS12	BFV	528.45	557.98	592.54	633.14	642.92
		STD	21.76	20.07	20.25	30.23	17.72
		AET	204.03	281.50	234.37	829.70	296.53

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