Table 4 Random effects meta-analysis of average daily cigarette consumption per capita (mean) by demographic category: total sample (N = 202,898).
From: A cross-national analysis of demographic variation in daily smoking across 22 countries
Prediction Interval | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Category | Est | 95% CI | SE | LL | UL | Heterogeneity (τ) | I2 | Global p-value |
Age group | < 0.001** | ||||||||
18–24 | 1.52 | (0.79,2.24) | 0.37 | 0.09 | 7.98 | 1.72 | 99.8 | ||
25–34 | 2.35 | (1.44,3.26) | 0.47 | 0.21 | 10.24 | 2.17 | 99.8 | ||
35–44 | 2.76 | (1.86,3.66) | 0.46 | 0.31 | 9.81 | 2.14 | 99.6 | ||
45–54 | 2.77 | (1.84,3.70) | 0.47 | 0.24 | 10.33 | 2.20 | 99.6 | ||
55–64 | 2.76 | (1.91,3.61) | 0.43 | 0.11 | 8.53 | 2.01 | 99.3 | ||
65–74 | 1.77 | (1.22,2.33) | 0.28 | 0.07 | 4.88 | 1.27 | 98.5 | ||
75–84 | 0.80 | (0.54,1.06) | 0.13 | 0.08 | 1.80 | 0.47 | 90.8 | ||
85 or older | 0.28 | (0.10,0.47) | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.51 | 0.15 | 30.3 | ||
Gender | < 0.001** | ||||||||
Male | 3.42 | (2.18,4.66) | 0.63 | 0.44 | 13.39 | 2.97 | 99.9 | ||
Female | 1.41 | (0.82,2.00) | 0.30 | 0.05 | 5.61 | 1.40 | 99.9 | ||
Other | 0.86 | (0.40,1.33) | 0.24 | 0.41 | 1.64 | 0.42 | 36.4 | ||
Marital status | < 0.001** | ||||||||
Married | 2.23 | (1.44,3.01) | 0.40 | 0.24 | 8.54 | 1.87 | 99.8 | ||
Separated | 2.74 | (1.96,3.52) | 0.40 | 0.51 | 6.17 | 1.71 | 95.9 | ||
Divorced | 3.24 | (1.99,4.50) | 0.64 | 0.06 | 14.09 | 2.91 | 99.2 | ||
Widowed | 1.57 | (1.07,2.08) | 0.26 | 0.07 | 3.46 | 1.11 | 97.1 | ||
Domestic partner | 2.18 | (1.58,2.78) | 0.31 | 0.18 | 4.38 | 1.30 | 98.0 | ||
Single, never married | 2.40 | (1.40,3.41) | 0.51 | 0.17 | 11.40 | 2.40 | 99.9 | ||
Employment | < 0.001** | ||||||||
Employed for an employer | 2.76 | (1.76,3.76) | 0.51 | 0.18 | 10.49 | 2.38 | 99.8 | ||
Self-employed | 3.23 | (1.92,4.54) | 0.67 | 0.30 | 14.63 | 3.11 | 99.8 | ||
Retired | 1.96 | (1.29,2.64) | 0.34 | 0.22 | 7.27 | 1.57 | 99.0 | ||
Student | 0.98 | (0.52,1.44) | 0.23 | 0.01 | 4.67 | 1.07 | 99.8 | ||
Homemaker | 1.65 | (1.00,2.30) | 0.33 | 0.02 | 4.73 | 1.49 | 99.8 | ||
Unemployed and looking for a job | 3.22 | (2.07,4.37) | 0.59 | 0.14 | 11.73 | 2.68 | 99.8 | ||
None of these/other | 2.85 | (1.84,3.86) | 0.52 | 0.28 | 9.88 | 2.27 | 97.8 | ||
Education | < 0.001** | ||||||||
Up to 8 years | 3.00 | (2.10,3.90) | 0.46 | 0.25 | 9.11 | 2.06 | 99.7 | ||
9–15 years | 2.53 | (1.65,3.41) | 0.45 | 0.17 | 9.84 | 2.10 | 99.9 | ||
16 + years | 1.65 | (0.87,2.43) | 0.40 | 0.09 | 8.92 | 1.85 | 99.8 | ||
Religious service attendance | < 0.001** | ||||||||
> 1/week | 1.91 | (1.12,2.70) | 0.40 | 0.12 | 8.10 | 1.87 | 99.7 | ||
1/week | 2.15 | (1.31,2.98) | 0.43 | 0.17 | 9.05 | 1.98 | 99.8 | ||
1–3/month | 2.30 | (1.51,3.09) | 0.40 | 0.29 | 7.86 | 1.86 | 99.3 | ||
A few times a year | 2.55 | (1.57,3.53) | 0.50 | 0.36 | 11.30 | 2.33 | 99.6 | ||
Never | 2.74 | (1.86,3.63) | 0.45 | 0.58 | 10.04 | 2.10 | 99.6 | ||
Immigration status | < 0.001** | ||||||||
Born in this country | 2.44 | (1.59,3.30) | 0.44 | 0.24 | 9.61 | 2.04 | 99.9 | ||
Born in another country | 1.87 | (1.16,2.59) | 0.36 | 0.07 | 6.34 | 1.57 | 98.8 | ||
