Table 4 Assessing various controllers for case 2: comparative performance analysis.

From: Frequency stabilization of interconnected diverse power systems with integration of renewable energies and energy storage systems

Transient response

Change in areas

FOTIDD2

FOPID

I-PD

PID

I-TD40

Time settling (Ts)

∆F1

2.34

2.83

3.29

4.01

12.27

∆F2

2.90

2.64

3.23

11.93

29.46

∆Ptie

3.07

3.83

3.66

12.11

30.50

Overshoot (Osh)

∆F1

0.0004376

0.0001233

0.000076

0.001632

0.00280

∆F2

0.0003407

0.0007254

0.001949

0.001890

0.00110

∆Ptie

0.0003834

0.0017100

0.001949

0.006044

0.0007

Undershoot (Ush)

∆F1

− 0.0008692

− 0.0065480

− 0.00601

− 0.010480

− 0.0109

∆F2

− 0.0093020

− 0.0080380

− 0.01022

− 0.010240

− 0.0035

∆Ptie

− 0.0095160

− 0.0104900

− 0.01022

− 0.013700

− 0.0022