Table 1 Comparison of the different reactors applied in the solid-catalyzed esterification process.
Author | Process | Reaction | Type of reactor | Raw material | Molar ratio of methanol to oil | Type of catalyst | Temperature (°C) | Time (h) | Product yield (%) | Ester purity (wt%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang et al.37 | Batch | Esterification | Fixed bed reactor (360Â rpm) | Waste cooking oil | 29:1 | 5Â g Amberlyst-15 5Â g Amberlyst-15/polyvinyl alcohol | 65 | 8 | - | 67.6 98 |
Lamba38 | Batch | Esterification | Round bottom flask | Decanoic acid | 7:1 | 9 wt%Amberlyst-15 | 75 | 6.25 | Â | 68 |
Burmana et al.39 | Batch | Esterification | Reactor pressure vessel | Lauric acid | 8:1 | 10 wt%Amberlyst-15 | 60 | 2.5 | Â | 98 |
MartÃnez–Castelló et al.40 | Continuous | Esterification | Tubular reactor | Lauric acid | 1.5:1 of 2-ethyl hexanol | 15 kg Amberlyst-16 | 80 | 10 | - | 92.2 |
Juera-Ong et al.41 | Batch | Esterification | Five-neck round bottom flask (300Â rpm) | Sludge palm oil | 44.7 wt% methanol | 38.6 wt% Amberlyst-15 | 60 | 6 | 89.9 | 88.2 |
In this study | Continuous | Esterification | HCRs in series | Palm fatty acid distillate | 4:1 | 2.67 wt% Amberlyst-15 | 60 | 2.2 | 82.48 | 89.76 |