Fig. 1

Main workflow of the study. Abbreviations: SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results. S, Surgery alone. SR, Surgery plus Radiotherapy. SC, Surgery plus Chemotherapy. SCR, Surgery plus ChemoRadiotherapy. SPUNs, Second Primary Urinary System Neoplasms. OPUNs, Original Primary Urological Neoplasms. PSM, Propensity Score Matching.