Fig. 2

Study area Hangzhou city. The geographic extent of the study area in Hangzhou, with urban and construction areas shown in gray, mountainous regions in green, and water bodies in blue. The map was created by the author using ArcMap 10.5 based on DEM data. The terrain data used is sourced from the open-source DEM (Digital Elevation Model) provided by the Geospatial Data Cloud of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (https://www.gscloud.cn/sources/index?pid=1&rootid=1), and the water body data comes from OSM. The software used for processing is ArcMap 10.5 (https://desktop.arcgis.com/zh-cn/desktop/index.html).