Fig. 3

Population structure and interspecific gene flow in Glycyrrhiza species. (a) Violin plot showing the distribution of γ values calculated by the interspecific gene flow test using HyDe across 1000 bootstrap replicates. Ggu1 and Gug were inferred as the hybrid origin groups between Gg and Gu. Ggu2 was inferred as the hybrid origin group between Gg and Gug. The γ and 1-γ values indicate the inheritance probabilities from the putative parental groups, respectively. (b) Principal component analysis (PCA) of 29 Glycyrrhiza individuals. Each nation is represented by a different symbol and each species or group is indicated by different colors. Gp: G. pallidiflora. (c) Population structure of 29 Glycyrrhiza individuals inferred using ADMIXTURE for K = 2 to K = 4. The results are arranged according to the species network inferred by PhyloNet. Gu G. uralensis, Gg G. glabra, Ggu G. glabra × uralensis, Gug G. uralensis × glabra.