Fig. 5

Spatial pattern of the coupling coordination level in the Yellow River Basin, 2013–2022. (a), (b), (c), and (d) depict the spatial patterns of coupled coordination levels in the study area for the years 2013, 2016, 2019, and 2022, respectively. (The map was drawn using ArcGIS 10.7 software, accessed at https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-desktop/resources).