Fig. 4

Histomorphometric method for evaluating bone-implant contact (BIC) and bone area fraction occupancy (BAFo). (A) Histological reconstruction of the implant and peri-implant tissues; (B) Delineation of the area of interest (36 μm × 10 μm), spanning the first to fourth implant threads; (C) Grid overlay with 18 vertical and 62 horizontal equidistant lines for quantitative analysis. Staining: Toluidine blue. Scale bar: 500 μm. This method provides a detailed assessment of the implant-bone interface.