Fig. 3
Effects of enriched environment on hippocampal pro-inflammatory cytokines and structural morphology in DD rats. (A) HE staining images of the hippocampus from the four groups of rats (400 ×). (B) Tunel staining images of the hippocampus from the four groups of rats (400 ×), with green indicating Tunel staining and blue indicating DAPI nuclear counterstaining. (C) Comparison of hippocampal IL-18 levels among the four groups of rats. (D) Comparison of hippocampal IL-6 levels among the four groups of rats. (E) Comparison of hippocampal IL-1β levels among the four groups of rats. (F) Comparison of hippocampal cell apoptosis rates among the four groups of rats. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, with 8 rats per group. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. ###P < 0.001 compared to the control group. **P < 0.01 compared to the DD group. ***P < 0.001 compared to the DD group.
