Fig. 4

Effects of environmental enrichment on hippocampal neuroinflammation in DD rats. (A) Immunofluorescence images of the hippocampus from the four groups of rats (400 ×), scale bar: 100 μm, with red representing Iba1 and green representing NLRP3. (B) Comparison of Iba1⁺ cell counts in the hippocampus among the four groups. (C) Comparison of NLRP3⁺ cell counts in the hippocampus among the four groups. (D) Comparison of Iba1⁺—NLRP3⁺ double-positive cell counts in the hippocampus among the four groups. (E) Comparison of hippocampal NLRP3 protein expression levels among the four groups. (F) Comparison of hippocampal Caspase-1 protein expression levels among the four groups. (G) Representative Western blot images of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 protein expression in the hippocampus from the four groups. (H) Comparison of hippocampal PI3K protein expression levels among the four groups. (I) Comparison of hippocampal AKT protein expression levels among the four groups. (J) Representative Western blot images of PI3K and AKT protein expression in the hippocampus from the four groups. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, with 4 rats per group. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. ^###P < 0.001 compared to the control group. *P < 0.05 compared to the DD group. **P < 0.01 compared to the DD group. ***P < 0.001 compared to the DD group.