Fig. 1: Spatio-temporal characteristics of the runoff reconstruction.
a Map showing the locations of tree-ring sites and hydrological stations. Also shown are the routes related to the Hanjiang River. b This study, along with reconstructions from the southwestern United States5 and Central Chile25, corresponds to the spatial correlation patterns (1955–2014) of gridded August–July PDSI respectively in Asia, North America, and South America. Correlations between the runoff reconstruction in Hanjiang River and sea surface temperatures are also shown. c Reconstructed runoff in Hanjiang River from 1580 to 2022 CE, together with the 11-year low-pass filtered reconstruction, highlighting multi-decadal variability. Inset shows actual versus estimated August–July runoff during the instrumental period. The runoff variation from the downscaled and bias-corrected multi-model CMIP6 SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 ensemble (24 models; Supplementary Table 5) during both the ‘historical’ (1902–2014 CE) and ‘future’ (2015–2100 CE) simulation periods of these runs are also shown.
