Fig. 4: Competing extratropical and tropical teleconnection pathways.
From: Synchronous decadal climate variability in the tropical Central Pacific and tropical South Atlantic
a–d Regression maps of the 200 hPa rotational zonal wind (shading, unit: m s−1) and wave activity flux (vectors, unit: m2 s−2) onto the normalized 8–16-year bandpass filtered MAMJJA Niño4 index at different time lags. Positive lag indicates that the index leads the physical field and vice versa. e–h same as (a–d), but for TT anomalies (unit: K) vertically averaged between 850 hPa and 200 hPa. Black dashed arrows in (a–c) illustrate the southern hemisphere extratropical teleconnection pathway. Stippled shading and green vectors indicate regression coefficients exceeding the 90% confidence level based on a two-tailed Student’s t-test.
