Fig. 7: Experimental and theoretical reaction activation energies.

a,b, Temperature-dependent LSV curves (a) and corresponding Arrhenius plots (b) of Aza-CMP-Co-catalysed OER at different overpotentials under alkaline conditions (1.0 M NaOH; scan rate, 5 mV s−1). c,d, Temperature-dependent LSV curves (c) and corresponding Arrhenius plots (d) of Aza-CMP-Co-catalysed OER at different overpotentials under near-neutral conditions (pH 9.0 NaBi buffer; scan rate, 5 mV s−1). e, Plots of overpotential-dependent activation energy (W) against reaction overpotential. f, Calculated energy profiles of WNA (blue) and IHNA (red) pathways. Relative solvation-corrected electronic energies are given in eV, and O-O distances at transition states in Å. g, Chemical structure of O-O formation intermediates in WNA and IHNA pathways.