Fig. 1

Preparation and characterization of Sb2S3/TiO2-BnPHJ. a Schematic illustration showing the oriented seed-assisted RSCA method for preparing Sb2S3/TiO2-BnPHJ; n is the RSCA cycle number, and the inset shows the photography of the stable Sb2S3 precursor solution in which a Sb2S3–thiourea complex is formed. b Bird-view (right: magnified image of the marked area) and (c) cross-sectional SEM images of as-prepared Sb2S3/TiO2-BnPHJ on FTO substrate. d The XRD patterns of the Sb2S3/TiO2-BnPHJ and TiO2 film on FTO substrates, in which the standard XRD pattern for Sb2S3 (JCPDS no. 42-1393) is included for reference. Shown by the inset to d, the angle between a specific Sb2S3 crystal plane and substrate is derived from the angle between the crystal plane and the Sb2S3 [221] direction that is normal to substrate plane. The arrows on c indicate the presence of small Sb2S3 grains. The Sb2S3 cuboids in (b–d) were prepared with n = 4 and their number density is about 2.7/μm2. b Scale bars 10 μm (low magnification) and 2 μm (high magnification. c Scale bar 1 μm