Fig. 4: Assistance of AI in challenging scenarios for grading stage I tumors in LATTICe-A.
a, Scenario 1: tumors with highly diversified growth patterns indicated by the Shannon diversity index (equal to or greater than the median). The vertical dashed lines indicate median values. Comparison of DFS prediction measured using the C-index (n1 = 169, n2 = 162, n3 = 167), where baseline included age and sex, AI included baseline parameters and AI grading, and path included baseline parameters and pathologist grading. C-indexes with 95% CIs are shown on the vertical axis (same with c,d). b, Scenario 2: differentiation between lepidic-predominant and acinar-predominant tumors (n1 = 146, n2 = 136, n3 = 175), and between lepidic-predominant and papillary-predominant tumors (n1 = 92, n2 = 77, n3 = 79). C-index improvement compared with baseline regarding DFS prediction. c, Scenario 3: tumors with high-grade patterns between 5% and 30% (n1 = 79, n2 = 63, n3 = 128, gray areas between two vertical dashed lines). d, Scenario 4: tumors with no fewer than four slides (n = 233, dashed box), for which the interobserver kappa index decreased.
