Fig. 1: Spatial pattern of land use/cover and ecological restoration projects, temporal changes in climate.

a Spatial pattern of land use/cover (LUC) in 2020 on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP); b spatial pattern of implemented ecological restoration projects (ERPs) on the QTP; c spatial pattern of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground (obtained from Wang et al.33); d spatial pattern of DEM; e mean annual temperature change and f total annual precipitation change from 2020 to 2060 under the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios; shading represent the standard error associated with those estimates.