Fig. 5: Observed winter climatological mean changes over 1948–2022. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 5: Observed winter climatological mean changes over 1948–2022.

From: Local feedback and ENSO govern decadal changes in variability and seasonal synchronization of the Indian Ocean Dipole

Fig. 5

a Climatological January-February-March (JFM) mean SST (contours) and surface winds (vectors) for whole available data periods (1948–2022), and differences in JFM-mean SST (color shading) between P1 and P2 periods (Unit: °C). b As in (a) except for climatological JFM-mean surface zonal winds (color shading) and differences in surface winds (vectors) (unit: ms−1). c As in (a) except for the longitude-depth section of the climatological JFM mean ocean subsurface temperature averaged over 10°S–5°N (contour) and differences in ocean subsurface temperature (color shading). d As in (c) expect for the zonal ocean current averaged over 10°S–5°N (unit; ms−1). In case of SST, area-averaged difference of SST over Indian Ocean ___domain (20°S–20°N, 40°E –100°E) has been removed. Stippling area by black dots indicate statistically significant values at the 95% confidence level, determined by a Student’s t-test with n−2 degrees of freedom.

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