Fig. 4: Global patterns of the joint effects of urbanization and climate on mangroves.
From: Coastal urbanization may indirectly positively impact growth of mangrove forests
a Global pattern of the joint effect of urbanization and climate on mangroves at the 1-degree grid level. b Global pattern of joint effect at the country level (displayed within coastal regions of each country). c Illustration of category and percentage of joint effects. The x-axis represents the total urbanization effects (EUM + EUC × ECM), and the y-axis represents the total climate effects (ECM). d Relationship between joint effect and urbanization degree. The degree of urbanization corresponds to the stages of urbanization (early stage: urbanization degree≤3; medium stage: 3<urbanization degree<7; late stage: urbanization degree≥7), representing the full spectrum of the urbanization process. The red curve represents a cubic nonlinear fit of the mean value of the joint effect index in each urbanization degree bin, with a p-value < 0.01 and an R-squared of 0.85. The gray shading represents the 95% confidence interval.
