Fig. 3: Average importance rankings of environmental drivers revealed by RF models.

a The whole study area and the (b) West, c East, d North and e PRD region. Drivers include: forest type, slope, elevation (DEM), annual precipitation (Prec), soil moisture (Msoil), mean annual temperature (Tmean), downward shortwave radiation (Srad), soil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN). Variable importance is ranked from the least important (1) to the most important (9). The average ranking was calculated following 99 iterations. The error bars denote the 95% confidence interval. The mean squared error (MSE) is shown by bar colors.