Extended Data Fig. 2: Comparison of lipid changes in muscle biopsies of aging men and women.

a, Principal component analysis (PCA) of muscle lipidomes of either men (top panel) or women (bottom panel) from this study. b, correlation between the fold change of lipids induced by aging in either women (y-axis) or men (x-axis) shows significant correlation of age-related lipid changes (r = 0.53, p = 1.66e-111, Pearson’s correlation). c, Volcano plot highlighting significantly altered BMP species in men reveals accumulation of many BMP lipid species. The horizontal line indicates significance (p < 0.05) where significance was determined using an empirical Bayes moderated t-test (two sided). d, Fisher′s exact test (one sided) showing enrichment of individual BMPs in the significantly accumulated fraction of lipids (p = 1e-4), pertaining to panel c. e, comparison of lipid changes between men and women where changes are evaluated as p values in –log10 scale, multiplied by the sign of the fold change (such that depleted lipids are having a negative value and accumulating lipids a positive value). BMPs significantly accumulated in both men and women are highlighted in red. Significance was determined using a Student’s t test (two sided). f, Top Venn diagram: overlap of significantly accumulated lipids in men and women, used for bottom Venn diagram, left circle. Bottom Venn diagram: overlap of lipids accumulated in both men and women and BMPs, used for Fisher’s exact test (one sided). Reveals enrichment of BMPs in the fraction of lipids accumulating in common between men and women (p = 2e-05). g-h, Assessment of all lipid classes for enrichment of lipid species in the depleted fraction of changes (Fisher′s exact test, one sided) in g, women and h, men. Corresponds to main Fig. 3d,e. For source data file see: Supplementary Data Table 4 (women) and 5 (men).