Extended Data Fig. 2: Trends in the number of ADL and IADL functional limitations among persons with dementia and functional limitations in the HRS, ELSA, SHARE, and CHARLS (Dementia Sample, 2012–2018).
From: Absence of care among community-dwelling older adults with dementia and functional limitations
a, Number of ADL and/or IADL limitations (HRS: n = 2,705; ELSA: n = 1,058; SHARE: 5,127; CHARLS: n = 2,038). b, Number of ADL limitations (HRS: n = 2,707; ELSA: n = 1,058; SHARE: 5,127; CHARLS: n = 2,038). c, Number of IADL limitations (HRS: n = 2,705; ELSA: n = 1,058; SHARE: n = 5,127; CHARLS: n = 2,039). In panels (a-c), data are presented as adjusted means ± 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Dotted points represent the estimated average number of ADL and/or IADL limitations (a), ADL limitations (b) and IADL limitations (c) at each wave, as estimated using the GEE model among the Dementia Sample. Error bars indicate the 95% CIs. Corrections for multiplicity were not made. Adjusted Annual Change (AAC) estimates derived from the GEE model are shown on the right of each panel. Asterisks denote the significance of the AAC (time trend): *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Two-sided tests were performed using GEE model, with detailed test statistics and P values provided in the Source Data.
