Figure 9: Effects of GW on L-Arg-induced pathology.

(A) Representative comparison of ACh-induced Ca²⁺ oscillations between the acinar cells prepared from L-Arg (4 g/kg, i.p.) and normal saline (NS) treated mice (after injection for 24 h). These demonstrate an enhancement of ACh-induced Ca²⁺ oscillations in L-Arg-treated mice compared to NS-treated mice. This enhanced effect is prevented by co-injection of GW and L-Arg (GW + L-Arg). (B) In these studies, we measured Ca²⁺ responses as ∆F/F₀, where F refers to the current Fluo signal intensity, F₀ refers to the background Fluo signal intensity, and ∆F/F₀ refers to the change of F/F₀. Using the same measurement, we compared ACh-induced Ca²⁺ responses from pancreatic acinar cells collected from three groups of mice: control (saline-treated mice), L-Arg, and L-Arg plus GW. Compared to the ACh-induced Ca²⁺ oscillations in saline group, there is a significant enhancement of ACh-induced Ca²⁺ oscillations in L-Arg group (**Indicates p < 0.01), and there is no statistically significant difference between saline and GW + L-Arg groups (^#indicates p > 0.05), suggesting a prevention of L-Arg-induced enhanced effect by GW. In addition, GW also prevents L-Arg-induced elevation of pancreatic AMS (C) and pulmonary MPO (D). The number of cells tested is stated for each condition. Bars represent mean ± SEM. In parts C and D, *Indicates p < 0.05 between saline and L-Arg groups, but there is no statistically significant difference between saline and L-Arg + GW group (^#indicates p > 0.05).