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Here the authors use on-chip amplitude and phase modulation to synchronously pump a resonator on thin-film lithium niobate for frequency comb generation. They find that pulsed pumping significantly mitigates stimulated Raman scattering and improves the overall efficiency of the device.

Machine learning models link bacterial genomic features to key phenotypic traits using curated data from BacDive, enabling high-confidence predictions and expanding phenotype annotations across thousands of strains.

On-chip nonlinear optics devices find a number of applications in modern optics from spectroscopy to communications. Here, the authors increase the degrees of freedom for frequency mixing by demonstrating the nonlinear interaction of perpendicularly-polarized modes in an integrated microring resonator.

Integrated data, including 100 human genomes from the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age periods show that two major population turnovers occurred over just 1,000 years in Neolithic Denmark, resulting in dramatic changes in the genes, diet and physical appearance of the local people, as well as the landscape in which they lived.

A framework that integrates materials, process design, techno-economics and life-cycle assessment can be used to accelerate the development of carbon-capture technology as we aim for a net-zero world.

Quark–antiquark annihilation measurements provide a precise determination of the ratio of down and up antiquarks within protons as a function of momentum, which confirms the asymmetry between the abundance of down and up antiquarks.

Type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2) are important immune activators in adults, but their development and functions at the neonatal stage remain unclear. Here the authors show, using fate-mapping and single-cell RNA sequencing, that neonatal cDC2 come from multiple origins, but converge functionally as potent immune activators upon proper stimuli.

An integrated electro-optic isolator on thin-film lithium niobate enables non-reciprocal isolation by microwave-driven travelling-wave phase modulation. The isolator exhibits a maximum optical isolation of 48.0 dB at around 1,553 nm and an on-chip insertion loss of 0.5 dB.

A study of patients with COVID-19 and healthy donors found CD4⁺ T cells that react to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and human endemic coronaviruses; however, the effect of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive T cells on clinical outcomes remains to be determined.

Numerous theories exist regarding the evolution of a deep-water oxygen deficiency in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Here, the authors test several popular hypotheses with a focus on the S1 event showing that long-term stagnation was necessary, preconditioned by the changes associated with the last deglaciation.

A passively mode-locked laser system featuring cavity filtering and cavity-enhanced nonlinear interactions within an integrated microring resonator produces nanosecond optical pulses with a spectral width of 104.9 MHz.

A femtosecond pulse generator is realized using an electro-optic time-lens system integrated on a lithium niobate photonic chip, capable of tunable repetition rates and wavelengths.

Magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles hold promise for bioimaging applications, but synthesizing uniform particles with tunable sizes remains challenging. Chen et al. propose an approach for co-assembling magnetic particles with fluorescent quantum dots, leading to well-defined core-shell structures.

A deep learning–based tool, Prosit, predicts high-quality peptide tandem mass spectra, improving peptide-identification performance compared with that of traditional proteomics analysis methods.

Niche crosstalk with Haematopoietic cells underlies normal haematopoiesis and myeloid disorders. Here the authors report a Stabilin2-Cre driver mouse with Cre-activity restricted to bone marrow sinusoidal endothelial cells, and that Stabilin2-Cre driven overactivation of b-catenin leads to erythroid differentiation defects and anaemia.

Controlling complex properties of optical systems, like the output of nonlinear light sources, is increasingly important for applications. Here, Wetzel et al. use an actively-controlled photonic chip to prepare patterns of femtosecond laser pulses used for tailoring supercontinuum generation.

The creation and manipulation of large quantum states is necessary for quantum information processing tasks. Three-level, four-partite cluster states have now been created in the time and frequency ___domain of two photons on-chip.

The on-chip generation of high-dimensional frequency-entangled states and their spectral-___domain manipulation are demonstrated, introducing a powerful and practical platform for quantum information processing.

Reduced soil-carbon storage in response to warming is a potential reinforcing feedback that could enhance climate change. A study now shows that for tropical montane wet forest, long-term warming (represented by an altitudinal gradient) accelerates below-ground carbon processes but has no apparent impact on soil-organic-carbon storage.

To determine the origin of adult tissue-resident macrophages, a mouse lineage tracing study has revealed that these cells derive from erythro-myeloid progenitors in the yolk sac that are distinct from fetal and adult haematopoietic stem cells.

Using a thin-film lithium niobate photonic platform, an electro-optic frequency comb generator is realized that is capable of producing wide and stable spectra, spanning more frequencies than the entire telecommunications L-band.

Elevated triglyceride levels often occur in obesity and can contribute to cardiovascular disease. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to burn fat, and now Joerg Heeren and his colleagues show that BAT actively takes up triglycerides in cold conditions, suggesting a possible therapy to lower triglyceride levels in states of obesity.

The next generation of genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic cancer involving a new inducible dual-recombinase system that combines Flp-FRT and Cre-loxP.

The ProteomeTools project provides the proteomics community with a physical synthetic tryptic peptide resource and a digital LC-MS/MS data resource covering all human proteins.

This Review describes quantum frequency combs that operate via photon entanglement, beginning with mode-locked quantum frequency combs followed by energy–time entanglement methods. The use of photonic integration and fibre-optic telecommunications components in enabling the quantum state control are also discussed.

This Perspective describes the development and capabilities of SciPy 1.0, an open source scientific computing library for the Python programming language.

An integrated thin-film lithium niobate phase modulator enables on-chip frequency and bandwidth control of single photons

Thin-film lithium niobate is a promising photonic platform owing to its strong optical nonlinearity and low losses. Here, the utility of this platform is demonstrated as a tunable dual frequency comb spectrometer based on second-order nonlinearities in a proof-of-principle experiment.