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Three electron microscopy datasets are combined to provide a complete connectomic description of the neural circuitry that makes up the neck connective in Drosophila, including the descending neurons, ascending neurons and sensory ascending neurons.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Fungal diversity is critical for ecosystem functioning, yet its role in mediating the relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality remains unclear. This study finds that fungal diversity can buffer reductions in ecosystem multifunctionality associated with low plant diversity.

The affected cellular populations during Alzheimer’s disease progression remain understudied. Here the authors use a cohort of 84 donors, quantitative neuropathology and multimodal datasets from the BRAIN Initiative. Their pseudoprogression analysis revealed two disease phases.

Cerebellar nuclei (CN) neurons receive synapses from Purkinje cells, yet how these are spatially organized has been unknown. Here, authors show inputs are clustered along transverse zones with many CN cells receiving multi-zonal input, suggesting multimodal integration occurs in the CN.

A genome-wide association study meta-analysis combined with multiomics data of osteoarthritis identifies 700 effector genes as well as biological processes with a convergent involvement of multiple effector genes; 10% of these genes express the target of approved drugs.

In this study, the authors develop a comprehensive taxonomy of brain-wide SPNs, identifying several novel subsets via their transcriptional signatures.

A spatially resolved transcriptional atlas of the mid-gestational developing human brain has been created using laser-capture microdissection and microarray technology, providing a comprehensive reference resource which also enables new hypotheses about the nature of human brain evolution and the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Here the authors analyzed 3.7 petavoxels of 3D imaging data from 204 mouse brains, aiming to comprehensively characterize diverse morphological and modular patterns conserved across six spatial scales of mouse brain anatomy, ranging from the whole-brain scale to synaptic levels.

Little is known about von Economo neurons, which have been described in a subset of mammals and appear to be selectively lost in several human neurological diseases. Here, authors reveal the gene expression profile of these cells and show that they are likely long-distance projection neurons.

RNA-sequencing analysis of cells in the human cortex enabled identification of diverse cell types, revealing well-conserved architecture and homologous cell types as well as extensive differences when compared with datasets covering the analogous region of the mouse brain.

The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network has constructed a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex in a landmark effort towards understanding brain cell-type diversity, neural circuit organization and brain function.

Genomic and phenomic screens of 827 wheat landraces from the A. E. Watkins collection provide insight into the wheat population genetic background, unlocking many agronomic traits and revealing haplotypes that could potentially be used to improve modern wheat cultivars.

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias identifies new loci and enables generation of a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

FlyWire is an online community and a platform for proofreading electron microscopy-based connectome data of the Drosophila brain.

Sparse labelling and whole-brain imaging are used to reconstruct and classify brain-wide complete morphologies of 1,741 individual neurons in the mouse brain, revealing a dependence on both brain region and transcriptomic profile.

An examination of motor cortex in humans, marmosets and mice reveals a generally conserved cellular makeup that is likely to extend to many mammalian species, but also differences in gene expression, DNA methylation and chromatin state that lead to species-dependent specializations.

Visual signals that help individuals recognize their own species are predicted to be distinct from those of closely related sympatric species, but evidence for this pattern is scarce. Here, Allen et al.show guenon faces are distinctive, specifically from those of other guenon species they encounter.

In the second case in which a genetically modified pig heart was transplanted into a living person, the xenografted heart functioned well initially, but antibody-mediated rejection occurred thereafter, pointing to the need for improved strategies to avoid this complication.

DeepInterpolation is a self-supervised deep learning-based denoising approach for calcium imaging, electrophysiology and fMRI data. The approach increases the signal-to-noise ratio and allows extraction of more information from the processed data than from the raw data.

Cryo-electron microscopy is widely employed in structural biology and uses phase contrast imaging. Here, the authors employ electron ptychography, a quantitative phase retrieval method for high-contrast, low-dose phase imaging of cryo-state rotavirus and immature HIV-1 virus-like particles, and show that electron ptychography is more efficient for phase recovery than conventional phase contrast imaging.

A multi-modal analysis of pre-metastatic liver biopsies from patients with localized pancreatic cancer with a minimum of 3 years of follow-up shows that immunological, proliferative and metabolomic features distinguish patients who develop metastases from disease-free survivors and can be used to predict outcomes.

Gouwens et al. established a morpho-electrical taxonomy of cell types for the mouse visual cortex via unsupervised clustering analysis of multiple quantitative features from 1,938 neurons available online at the Allen Cell Types Database.

Combined patch clamp recording, biocytin staining and single-cell RNA-sequencing of human neurocortical neurons shows an expansion of glutamatergic neuron types relative to mouse that characterizes the greater complexity of the human neocortex.

The physiological phenomenon whereby heart rate varies in phase with breathing in vertebrates has been known as ‘respiratory sinus arrhythmia’. In this Expert Recommendation, the authors argue that this terminology is potentially misleading and propose replacing it with the term ‘respiratory heart rate variability’, which avoids pathological connotations.

Assigning function to uncharacterized enzymes discovered through genome projects has provided a great challenge to the fields of informatics, enzymology and structural biology. Docking potential ligands into flexible models of protein structures and docking potential high-energy intermediates, rather than substrates, into known structures are two new computational approaches that have provided a much-needed boost to the field.

Scalable CRISPRa screening of cis-regulatory elements in non-cancer cell lines has proved challenging. Here, the authors describe a scalable, CRISPR activation screening framework to identify regulatory element-gene pairs in diverse cell types including cancer cells and neurons.

The authors use single-nucleus RNA-seq to identify 10 GABAergic interneuron subtypes in human cortex layer 1. Molecular, morphological, and physiological evidence points to an emerging human cell type, the rosehip cell, not found in other species.

Methylome-based clustering and cross-modality integration with companion datasets from the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network enabled the construction of a 3D multi-omic genome atlas of the adult mouse brain featuring thousands of cell-type-specific profiles.

This Resource describes data, code and tools developed for the Human Reference Atlas and the Human BioMolecular Atlas Program for building and navigating a multiscale human atlas.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

A DNA memory device, DNA Typewriter, uses sequential prime editing to record the order of multiple cellular events.

The collision of the Indian, Arabian and Eurasian plates formed the Tibetan and Iranian plateaus, but its timing and processes remain debated. This Review explores the evidence behind initial collision estimates and discusses the tectonic and geodynamic implications.

Application of multiplexed RNA in situ mapping techniques to human tissues remains challenging. Here, the authors report DART-FISH, a padlock probe-based technology capable of profiling large numbers of genes in centimetre-sized human tissue sections.

A high-resolution gene expression atlas of prenatal and postnatal brain development of rhesus monkey charts global transcriptional dynamics in relation to brain maturation, while comparative analysis reveals human-specific gene trajectories; candidate risk genes associated with human neurodevelopmental disorders tend to be co-expressed in disease-specific patterns in the developing monkey neocortex.

Insights into windows of opportunity that will have strong positive impacts on the trajectories of health, education, social and economic success of adolescents are reviewed.

By tuning the plasma frequency, Yu, Gao et al. develop an industrial-scale chemical vapour deposition system for uniform nanocrystalline silicon oxide coatings, enabling 26.41% efficiency in silicon heterojunction solar cells with copper electrodes.

A large-scale meta-analysis across eight biobank datasets identifies common genetic variants associated with mosaic loss of the X chromosome in female participants.

Rivers are among the most diverse, dynamic, and productive ecosystems on Earth. Here, using Landsat imagery, the authors provide a global attribution of the recent changes in river regime to morphological dynamics, dam-induced widening, and hydrological signals.

Large genome-wide meta-analysis of clinically diagnosed late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) from 94,437 individuals identifies new LOAD risk loci and implicates Aβ formation, tau protein binding, immune response and lipid metabolism.

Deep mantle heterogeneity and large-scale deep mantle convection has been operating since the Palaeoarchaean, according to enriched plume signatures found in a 3.45-billion-year-old ultramafic–mafic suite from the North China Craton.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

OpenFold is a trainable open-source implementation of AlphaFold2. It is fast and memory efficient, and the code and training data are available under a permissive license.

A combination of three monoclonal antibodies transiently reduced viremia in people living with HIV-1 and not on antiretroviral therapy, but it did not prevent viral rebound. Further studies are needed to determine if this approach can be optimized.

Endocrinologists have traditionally focused on studying one hormone or organ system at a time. Here the authors use transcriptomic data from the mouse lemur to globally characterize primate hormonal signaling, describing hormone sources and targets, identifying conserved and primate specific regulation, and elucidating principles of the network.