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A single-shot full-vector-field measurement technique for intense, ultrashort laser pulses is studied, demonstrating the approach on systems ranging from high-repetition-rate oscillators to petawatt-class lasers.

Aberrant redox homeostasis links lipid metabolism and cell death programs. Here, authors reveal how cell stress reduces growth factor signaling, enriching polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids and sensitizing membranes to oxidative damage.

Accurate cell detection in dense bacterial biofilms is challenging. Here, the authors report an image analysis pipeline that is able to accurately segment and classify single bacterial cells in 3D fluorescence images: Bacterial Cell Morphometry 3D (BCM3D).

Sarcomas are morphologically heterogeneous tumours rendering their classification challenging. Here the authors developed a classifier using DNA methylation data from several soft tissue and bone sarcoma subtypes, which has the potential to improve classification for research and clinical purposes.

This study examines the impact of herbivorous insects on biogeochemical cycling within forests. From a global network of 74 plots within 40 mature, undisturbed broadleaved forests, they show that background levels of insect herbivory are sufficiently large to alter both ecosystem element cycling and influence terrestrial carbon cycling.

Co-delivery of TLR7/8 agonists and TGF-β inhibitors (TGFβi) has the potential to overcome immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Here the authors describe the application of the CarboCell technology for the sustained intratumoral release of a TLR7/8 agonist alone or in combination with a TGFβi, promoting anti-tumor immune responses in preclinical cancer models.

A study by Kibe et al. of the translational landscape of HIV-1 reveals alternative translation events, including use of upstream and internal open reading frames, an RNA fold regulating gag-pol frameshifting and ribosome collisions, providing new targets for antivirals.

Aircraft measurements over the Amazon show that new particle formation in the upper troposphere emerges when isoprene, emitted by forests, undergoes oxidation in the presence of nitrogen oxides produced by lightning.

RNA ligases are present across all forms of life. Here, the hitherto uncharacterised human protein C12orf29 was identified as a human enzyme promoting RNA ligation between 5′-PO₄ and 3′-OH termini. This data provides the groundwork for establishing a human RNA repair pathway.

Most individuals with primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) remain genetically unsolved. Here the authors show that NAA60 biallelic variants cause PFBC, likely via reduced N-terminal acetylation and SLC20A2 levels with impaired phosphate uptake.

Proteomic, transcriptomic, and genomic analysis has shown osteosarcoma (OS) to be a complex and heterogenous disease but revealed little about its carcinogenesis or potential therapeutic targets. Here, the authors profile the RNA interactome, transcriptome and proteome of cells derived from OS patients, identifying a targetable vulnerability to translation inhibition.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are prodrugs that are activated by protonation in the highly acidic environment of the stomach lining. Now, coordination of PPIs to protein-bound zinc ions is revealed as another pathway to PPI activation. Acting as a Lewis acid, the zinc ion facilitates conjugation of the drug to zinc-coordinating cysteine residues.

Nicastro, Brohée et al. find that the fatty acid synthesis intermediate malonyl-CoA inhibits mTORC1, showing mTORC1 senses the capacity of a cell to synthesise fatty acids and linking fatty acid generation with the overall biosynthetic output through mTORC1.

In a post-approval study including more than 17,000 patients on the safety of pulsed field ablation, a new method for treatment of atrial fibrillation, the procedure was found to have a low rate of adverse events but was associated with some unexpected rare complications that will need further study.

The fibrinolytic system promotes the progression of solid tumors. Here, the authors show that the fibrinolytic agent plasmin supports B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) progression via remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and the inhibition of plasmin activation with ε-aminocaproic acid prolongs survival in B-ALL mouse models.

How TGF-β family members regulate sex determination in teleost fish is unclear. Here they use turquoise killifish to show that Gdf6Y, in addition to its role in skeletal development, specifies the male sex in somatic supporting cells by autocrine signaling.

ARGONAUTE (AGO) is the core protein component of small RNA-guided silencing complexes. Free, but not RNA-bound, AGO turns over rapidly. The authors identify a structural AGO switch whose accessibility only in the free state confers rapid degradation.

Bacteria adapt their growth rate to their metabolic status and environmental conditions by modulating the length of their G1 period. Here the authors show that an increase in c-di-GMP concentration modulates the activity of kinase ShkA and transcription factor TacA, thus enabling G1/S transition in Caulobacter.

siRNA is used to silence expression of a specific gene and, if modified by a triphosphate at the 5′ end, will also activate the helicase Rig-I, leading to interferon production. Poeck et al. now combine both of these activities in a single siRNA to kill melanoma cells by crippling a crucial tumor cell survival pathway and triggering an interferon-dependent antitumor immune response (pages 1152–1153).

Two cGAS-like receptors, cGLR1 and cGLR2, identified in Drosophila melanogaster are shown to induce antiviral immunity in response to RNA or DNA virus infections through the production of 2′3′-cGAMP and 3′2′-cGAMP.

The RNAse III endonuclease Dicer is crucial for processing of pre-miRNAs in health and disease. Here the authors show that endothelial Dicer promotes atherosclerosis by increasing miR-103 levels leading to suppression of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor KLF4, thus suggesting a novel approach to treat this disease.

An online approach for the DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours across all entities and age groups has been developed to help to improve current diagnostic standards.

EF-P plays an important role in overcoming polyproline sequence-induced stalling in bacteria. Here, the authors show that its paralog, EfpL, can also resolve this type of stalling, and also sense cellular metabolic states via lysine acylation.

Reviewing online resources and additional literature on national red lists, 361 extinct seed-plant taxa were identified. Of these, 556 herbarium specimens belonging to 161 extinct species were found to have a high ‘de-extinction candidate’ score.

c-di-GMP has emerged as the signal controlling development in antibiotic producing Streptomyces. Here the authors describe another developmental role of c-di-GMP, in energy metabolism, by activating the glycogen-debranchingenzyme, GlgX. Structures revealing the activation mechanism are described.

Stig Bojesen, Georgia Chenevix-Trench, Alison Dunning and colleagues report common variants at the TERT-CLPTM1L locus associated with mean telomere length measured in whole blood. They also identify associations at this locus to breast or ovarian cancer susceptibility and report functional studies in breast and ovarian cancer tissue and cell lines.

Porins, like OmpG, are embedded in the outer membrane of bacteria and facilitate uptake and secretion of nutrients and ions. Here the authors present a protocol for solid state NMR structure determination of proteins larger than 25 kDa and use it to structurally characterize membrane embedded OmpG.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive lymphoma subtype characterized by poor prognosis but the molecular knowledge of the disease is limited. Here, the authors perform whole exome sequencing and copy number determination of primary samples highlighting IRF4 and JAK-STAT pathways as therapeutic targets for PBL.

ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers are often found mutated in human cancers. Here, the authors characterize the nucleosome remodelling properties of cancer-associated mutants of the Drosophila Chd4 homolog dMi-2.

Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) studies often struggle with large parameter spaces. Here, the authors introduce an automated smFRET platform for multiwell plate screening of biomolecular conformations and dynamics.

In ice-rich Siberian permafrost sediments deposited during the Pleistocene, 33-74% of the organic carbon is mineral-bound favoured by the presence of reactive iron, which can reduce microbial CO₂ production after thawing

The 2S–2P transitions in muonic helium-4 ions are measured using laser spectroscopy and used to obtain an α-particle charge-radius value five times more precise than that from electron scattering.

A study reporting the results of a clinical trial co-administering the GDF-15-blocking antibody visugromab with the anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab demonstrates that neutralizing GDF-15 can overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer.

The decision of whether and when a cell divides is tightly controlled. Here, the authors show in yeast that there is a multi-step competition between different phosphorylation states and sites in the S phase CDK-Sic1 complex, which controls Sic1 degradation and coordinates the precise timing of the G1/S transition.

A genome-wide association study including over 76,000 individuals with schizophrenia and over 243,000 control individuals identifies common variant associations at 287 genomic loci, and further fine-mapping analyses highlight the importance of genes involved in synaptic processes.

Keppler and colleagues show that individuals with hematological cancers rapidly develop potent infection-neutralizing antibodies and a robust T cell response against several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in response to mRNA vaccination.

TROVE2, a gene implicated in inflammatory response and autoimmunity, is also associated with enhanced memory for emotionally charged events in post-traumatic stress disorder.

Early stellarator designs suffered from high particle losses, an issue that can be addressed by optimization of the coils. Here the authors measure the magnetic field lines in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, confirming that the complicated design of the superconducting coils has been realized successfully.

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma with IgD+ lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells is a rare clinical distinct lymphoma subset of B-cell origin. Here the authors show that antigens expressed by Moraxella catarrhalis are recognized by B cell receptors of IgD+ LP cells, suggesting the contribution of chronic antigen stimulation to lymphomagenesis.