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An RNA codon-expansion strategy enables incorporation of non-canonical amino acids into proteins of interest orthogonally to existing methods by inserting pseudouridine codons into specific mRNA transcripts and using an engineered decoder tRNA.

A direct thermoplastic foaming method enables scalable production of superelastic, multifunctional cellular-structured monoliths from diverse two-dimensional nanomaterials.

This work introduces GLORI 2.0 and 3.0, enabling sensitive m⁶A quantification from RNA inputs as low as a few hundred cells.

Here the authors show that PCIF1 can regulate CD8⁺ T cell antitumor responses in mice and use this information to enhance chimeric antigen receptor T cell design.

The authors show that ELL3 maintains chromosomal ploidy by promoting spindle assembly and driving chromosome movement in oocytes. Deficiency of ELL3 results in oocyte aneuploidy and may lead to early miscarriage.

Pseudouridine is a long-discovered RNA modification that has lately attracted much renewed interest. This Review discusses the emerging functions of pseudouridine in gene regulation and mitochondrial function, and its therapeutic potential following the successful use of pseudouridylation in SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.

He et al. demonstrate a noncanonical role for the TRMT6–TRMT61A methyltransferase complex in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) aging, where its enrichment activates necroptosis signaling. Blocking necroptosis counters features of HSC aging, suggesting a therapeutic strategy.

Through rational engineering of A3A deaminase, Yang and colleagues have designed CBEs termed haA3A-CBEs, which feature a condensed editing window and minimal off-target effects that are independent of defined sequence contexts and methylation status.

Charting the landscape of 5hmC in human tissues is fundamental to understanding its regulatory functions. Here, we systematically profiled the whole-genome 5hmC landscape at single-base resolution for 19 types of human tissues and found 5hmC shows tissue-specific patterns.

Improved cytosine base editors are created by repurposing an adenine deaminase.

Base lesions can be directly repaired by oxidative dealkylation catalysed by AlkB in bacteria and by ABH2/ABH3 in man. Several structures of AlkB and ABH2 bound to dsDNA are solved. These structures reveal why AlkB prefers ssDNA to dsDNA substrates, and how ABH2 differs structurally, to allow it to repair dsDNA.

m⁶Am is a dynamic and reversible RNA modification found on the mRNA cap. Here the authors report m⁶Am-seq to directly distinguish m⁶Am from m⁶A and identify functional methylation sites.

hNEIL1 (human endonuclease VIII-like 1) is a broadly specific DNA glycosylase for base excision repair. Here, the authors show that hNEIL1 can assume activated or triage conformations: the structural basis for the mechanism that enables broad specificity and reduces futile repair of normal bases.

Disease-related premature stop codons are efficiently corrected by harnessing near-cognate tRNAs.

SIMPLE-seq measures both 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at base resolution in single cells.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes contributes to the pathogenesis during heart failure. Here the authors report that the transcriptional repressor HEY2 regulates mitochondrial metabolism and cardiac function in adult mouse and zebrafish hearts.

Naive T cells are quiescent but undergo dynamic changes upon antigenic activation. Li and colleagues show that upregulation of tRNA methyltransferase complex TRMT61A–TRMT6 and N¹-methyladenosine modification of tRNAs contribute to accelerated mRNA translation efficiency, in particular that of MYC protein, and are required for rapid T cell proliferation.

Shi and colleagues show that PUS7 controls tRNA pseudouridylation and codon-specific translation to fuel glioblastoma tumorigenesis, and discover a PUS7 inhibitor that delays tumor growth in glioblastoma models.

The m⁶A modification is mapped transcriptome-wide at single-base resolution in mammalian cells.

A precise adenine base editor variant, ABE9, was developed to generate single adenine transition at pathogenic homopolymeric adenine sites with minimal DNA/RNA off-target effects, suggesting promising potential for gene therapeutics.

Pseudouridine (Ψ) is an important modification in RNA biology and mRNA vaccine. A method called PRAISE was developed via selective labeling of Ψ by bisulfite to induce nucleotide deletion signature during reverse transcription, thus realizing quantitative assessment of the Ψ landscape in the human transcriptome.

Min and colleagues study post-transcriptional regulation in the malaria parasite. They describe opposing actions of the DDX6-family RNA helicase complex on the decay and protection of specific mRNA targets during development and stress conditions.

The date palm is one of the most economically important plants of the palm family. Here, the authors present a high-quality genome assembly of the date palm Phoenix dactylifera, and reveal insights into the unique sugar metabolism underlying fruit ripening.

Detect-seq, built upon chemical labeling and enrichment of intermediate deoxyuridine, offers an approach to profile different types of off-target mutation induced by cytosine base editors including unexpected edits outside of protospacer and on the target strand.

Crystal structures of cyanobacterial protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases reveal the basis of the photocatalytic activities of this enzyme, through the role of its active site in enabling the light-driven reduction of protochlorophyllide.

Repeating fever is a hallmark of malaria. Here, a large-scale forward genetic screen in malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum identifies genes associated with parasite tolerance to host fever, including apicoplast targeted isoprenoid biosynthesis—sharing features with artemisinin resistance.

Transcription activator-like effector proteins recognise specific DNA sequences via tandem repeats. Here the authors demonstrate TALEs can recognise the methylated bases 5mC and 5hmC, enabling them to detect epigenetic modifications.

3D photonic crystals (PCs) attract attention due to their unique optical properties but printing of colloidal particles is limited by lack of control over the assembly. Here, the authors demonstrate a continuous digital light processing 3D printing strategy using hydrogen bond assisted colloidal inks for fabricating well-assembled 3D PC structures.

PUS10 exhibits two different functions: one is to promote miRNA biogenesis in a catalytically independent manner; the other is to install pseudouridine modification in tRNAs in a catalytically dependent manner.

Meng et al. show that the RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL3 suppresses the 5′ untranslated region activities of a subset of young LINE-1 elements, which activate genes such as Akt3, and regulate ERK signalling and naïve pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Developing efficient separation methods for oily wastewater holds significant global importance. In this study, the authors combine supewettability and bio-inspired topological structures to demonstrate a dual-bionic superwetting gear system with liquid directional steering to achieve oil-water separation.

Drip irrigation mitigates water shortage yet suffers high flow resistance and blockage. Here, the authors design a drip irrigation mechanism inspired by bodhi leaf morphology which can enhance water saving and seedling growth.

Wu et al. optimized the m⁶A mapping method for ultralow-input materials and characterized the transcriptome-wide landscape of m⁶A methylation in mouse oocytes and early embryos.

A method called m¹A-ID-seq, which involves antibody enrichment and reverse transcriptase–based sequencing of N¹-methyladenosine (m¹A) RNA modifications, reveals that m¹A is a reversible mRNA modification that is abundant in the 5′ UTRs of human genes.

A genome-wide uracil profiling technology (termed “dU-seq”), based on selective labeling and biotin pull-down, reveals that uracil is enriched at the centromere of the human genome.

Dissolved inorganic carbon is buried in dryland basins that do not drain to the sea. Based on measurements of sediment chemistry in twelve of these sites, closed basins are estimated to store 0.15 Pg of dissolved inorganic carbon annually.

Mammalian dioxygenase ALKBH2 mediates direct oxidative repair of alkylation DNA lesions. Structural, biochemical and computational approaches are now used to reveal that ALKBH2 probes base pair stability by inserting a hydrophobic hairpin motif into the DNA duplex and does not need a damage-checking site, in contrast to DNA glycosylases.

Magnetically tunable three-dimensional photonic crystals are used to achieve the experimental demonstration of Chern vectors and their topological surface states, showing the Chern vector to be an intrinsic bulk topological invariant in three-dimensional topological materials.

The combination of an engineered demthylase and a highly processive reverse transcriptase during tRNA library preparation for high-throughput sequencing allows comprehensive profiling of the small RNAs.

Song et al. present the first method for global analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, a recently identified epigenetic modification in mammalian cells. They use a bacteriophage-derived enzyme to tag the hydroxymethyl group with an azide-modified glucose residue that can be used for affinity purification and sequencing of modified genomic DNA fragments.

Chemical modification of 5fC allows its enrichment and genome-wide profiling at single-nucleotide resolution.