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Frequencies for motor kinematics are encoded by the cerebellum through population tuning of firing probabilities, which leads to cerebellar oscillations and corresponding motions.

Maintaining proper reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance is critical for cellular and individual health, yet its dynamic nature encumbers monitoring and assessment. Here the authors propose a platform using mass cytometry-based detection, termed SN-ROP, to identify distinct ROS profiles associated with specific immune cell functions and disease states.

Controlling phase transitions in MoOx semiconductors is challenging. Here, the authors develop a lab-on-device system to modulate proton intercalation, achieving conductance modulation and enabling electrochemical memory and neural network applications.

Evidence is shown for a skyrmion-like texture in the layer polarization of the electronic wavefunctions of a twisted two-dimensional material. This provides support for theories that link this spatial texture to the topological properties.

Providing a suitable multi-electrode array (MEA) for free-floating neural organoids is a great challenge. Here, authors present a mesh soft stretchable MEA for recording neural signals in human hippocampal organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells.

By constructing a graph-based grapevine pangenome reference (Grapepan v.1.0) and incorporating structural variations and phenotypic maps, the study investigates the genetic basis of agronomic traits, empowering grapevine genomic breeding.

Immunosuppression as a result of severe infection impairs pathogen clearance and can increase susceptibility to secondary infection. Here, the authors dissect how T cell aging and the thymic involution that occurs during this process contribute to immunosuppression and find a key role for IL-33.

A large range of inert and non-defective sites in catalysts is a primary factor impeding catalyst activity in acidic CO₂ electroreduction. Here, the authors achieve high HCOOH selectivity and activity in acidic electrolyte by introducing tensile strain to activate inert sites.

Here, the authors sample air and surfaces in hospital rooms of COVID-19 patients, detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in air samples of two of three tested airborne infection isolation rooms, and find surface contamination in 66.7% of tested rooms during the first week of illness and 20% beyond the first week of illness.

The dynamic kinetic asymmetric C−O cross-coupling has presented significant challenges and remains unexplored. Here, the authors report the dynamic kinetic asymmetric C−O cross-coupling of oximes and phenols via copper/BOX-catalysed enantioselective O-arylation with diaryliodonium salts.

DNA has been used as a building block to make a wide variety of molecular architectures, but it remains difficult to make functional structures from this particular construction material. Now, a strategy for the assembly of hybrid RNA–DNA nanostructures has been described, which offers the possibility of combining the programmability of DNA with the rich functionality of RNA.

Hydrogen production from alkaline seawater requires efficient catalysts, but controlling interaction with intermediates is challenging. Here, the authors report an yttrium-doped NiMo-MoO2 catalyst that optimizes water dissociation and enables efficient seawater splitting at high current densities.

This analysis provides a collection of sequencing datasets generated from long-read and short-read RNA sequencing, serving as a valuable resource for transcriptome profiling.

2D semiconductors with high thermal conductivity are essential for next-generation electronics. Here, the authors report a high thermal conductivity of ~173 W·m^–1 ·K^–1 for monolayer MoSi₂N₄, surpassing the known 2D semiconductors and silicon.

Analysis of 43,191 genomes obtained from publicly available marine bacterial and archaeal metagenome data provides insights into marine bacterial evolution, CRISPR–Cas defence and antibiotic resistance genes, and demonstrates the potential of marine metagenomes for biotechnological applications.

The mediators of bone-fat axis remain largely unknown. Here, the authors show SHN3 gene-deficiency in bone can protect mouse models from weight gain driven by diet-induced obesity through secreting a bone-derived cytokine, C-fragment of SLIT2, which could stimulate adipocyte browning.

Mapk7 regulates bone mass and bone marrow adiposity by controlling mesenchymal stem cells fate transition through phosphorylation of Ser1490 of LRP6 and promoting nuclear translocation of β-catenin.

Designing high performing low-cost nanomaterials for catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains challenging. Here, the authors report a volcano-shape correlation between HER activity and cobalt atomic configuration in single-atom doped CoSe2-DETA (DETA = diethylenetriamine) nanobelts toward achieving high performance.

Some materials can display magnetic order despite having spin-singlet ground state on individual magnetic sites. This arises due to exchange interactions mixing excited crystal electric field states. Here, Gao et al study and example of such a system, Ni₂Mo₃O₈, and find that crystal electric field states in both the paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic states exhibit dispersive excitations.

SNAIL promotes tumour metastasis through inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here the authors report that SNAIL bypasses senescence and regulates cell cycle progression to promote pancreatic carcinogenesis and this is independent of EMT induction.

We asked scientists around the globe for their views on the basic research methods, tools and resources needed to fight future emerging pathogenic threats.

Advanced complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology and resistive random-access memory can be used to create high-bit-precision compute-in-memory macros for low latency and efficient edge computing.

Here, the authors report an entanglement association polymer electrolyte with a polymer matrix and copolymer stabilizer. The developed entangled structure forms a stable interface for the polymer electrolyte during charging and discharging.

Genetic bases of grain shape differentiation between the two subspecies of Asian cultivated rice have not been fully elucidated. Here, the authors report GSE9, a de novo gene evolved from a non-coding region of wild rice through acquisition of start codon, contributes to the grain shape difference between the two subspecies.

A network of elastomeric microfluidic components that generates sequential and oscillating flows from a steady input flow should allow more autonomous on-chip control of lab-on-a-chip systems.

In bacteria Zn2+-dependent deacylases are underexplored. Here, the authors identify bacterial deacylases, providing systemic structure-function analyses to reveal the basis of substrate specificity, acyl-chain preference and inhibition.

Su et al. report that while METTL16 acts as an m⁶A writer in the nucleus, it exerts an m⁶A-independent function in the cytosol, where it facilitates translation through direct interactions with ribosomal RNAs and eukaryotic initiation factors 3a and -b.

m⁶A-SAC-seq uses chemical labeling to quantify m⁶A at single-base resolution in the mammalian transcriptome.

Modulation of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the tumour environment is a potential avenue to bolster anti-tumor immunity. Here Liu et al show that perturbation of the negative feedback loop involving STAT1- IFITM3 influences anti-tumor immunity, and that IFITM3 or STAT1 deficiency resulting in the fragility of tumor-infiltrating Treg cells.

Acute graft versus host disease is a rare but deadly complication following liver transplantation. Author show here, upon screening a large cohort of liver transplanted patients and detailed immune phenotyping of samples from the 7 affected individuals and appropriate controls, that human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection of donor immune cells appear to correlate with the occurrence of acute graft versus host disease.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has important implications in different cancer subtypes. Here, the authors perform transcriptomic m6A profiling to identify two subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with differential m6A modifications and different clinical outcomes, which is driven by m6A regulator CSTF2.

Multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) 3D printing is challenging due to the tradeoff between achieving high-temperature and sufficient heating zone. Here, the authors report an ultrahigh-temperature melt printing method that can achieve rapid melting and uniform elemental mixing for MPEA fabrication.

Scavenger receptors can function as pattern recognition receptors to sense infection. Here the authors show that, in response to worm and bacterial infection, scavenger receptor class A prevents nuclear localization of IRF5 and thereby drives M2 polarization and associated type 2 immune responses.

Tailoring topological physics in optical cavity is a challenge that would allow new possibilities for the design optical components. In this paper, the authors, harnessing the potential of synthetic dimensions, experimentally demonstrate a degenerate cavity containing many optical angular momenta.

Wearable flexible microfluidic sensors may enable health monitoring and disease diagnosis at the point of care. This Review discusses the integration of flexible microfluidics with wearable biosensors for the detection of clinically relevant analytes in biofluids.