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The Notch receptor plays a pivotal role in a pathway that controls the survival of embryonic, fetal and adult stem cells, as it activates the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/Akt signalling pathway and identifies a key serine on STAT3.

Tensor networks exploit the structure of turbulence to offer a compressed description of flows, which leads to efficient fluid simulation algorithms that can be implemented on both classical and quantum computers.

Circuit assembly relies on several developmental processes that are often considered independently. Lim and colleagues now reveal that cell migration and axon targeting may be mechanistically linked for Martinotti cells during cortical development.

Electrically biased suspended graphene devices show an intense electroluminescence in the visible range with a tunable emission spectrum.

Through a community-driven competition, the PANDA challenge provides a curated diverse dataset and a catalog of models for prostate cancer pathology, and represents a blueprint for evaluating AI algorithms in digital pathology.

Aligned arrays of single-crystalline monolayer TMD nanoribbons with high aspect ratios, as well as their lateral heterostructures, are realized, with the growth directed by the ledges on the β-Ga₂O₃ substrate. This approach provides an epitaxy platform for advanced electronics applications of TMD nanoribbons.

Swapan Nath, Sang-Cheol Bae and colleagues report the results of a large-scale association study of systemic lupus erythematosus in individuals of Asian ancestry. They identify several new susceptibility loci and find enrichment for signals near genes implicated in B cell and T cell function.

Photonics is one of the key platforms for emerging quantum technologies, but its full potential can only be harnessed by exploiting miniaturization via on-chip integration. This Roadmap charts new directions and discusses the challenges associated with the hybrid integration of a variety of materials, devices and components.

Analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data from 462 patient-derived tumor cell (PDC) samples across 14 cancer types, along with pharmacological responses to 60 agents, indicates that PDC-derived drug sensitivities might be predictive of clinical response to targeted therapies.

Roots bend towards water. The root cortex in the elongation zone is the site of perception during hydrotropism but also the site of differential root growth, which is different from gravitropism.

Follicular helper T (T_FH) cells promote germinal centre (GC) response for efficient generation of protective antibodies during humoral immunity. Here the authors show that deficiency of the translational repressor, Capicua/CIC, enhances T_FH differentiation and GC responses potentially via the derepression of Etv5.

Graphene films with electrical and optical characteristics superior to indium tin oxide are produced in a roll-to-roll process and used to construct devices with flexible touch-screen panels.

Genetic susceptibility loci for oropharyngeal cancer have been reported but these studies have not always examined human papillomavirus (HPV) status. Here, the authors perform genome-wide analysis taking into account HPV16 serology status and report two independent loci in the HLA region, suggesting the protective role of HLA variants against HPV infection.

Chiral tertiary aldols are encountered in a variety of biologically relevant molecules. Making these valuable compounds directly from unbiased ketones has proven to be extremely challenging. Now it has been shown that sub-ppm levels of in situ generated silylium-based organic Lewis acid catalysts can give quantitative product formation in very high enantiopurity through a Mukaiyama aldol reaction.

Rodin and Dou et al. characterized genome-wide somatic mutation in autistic and control brains, revealing that even unaffected individuals may possess dozens of brain somatic mutations and providing insight into the role of somatic mutation in autism.

Doil Choi and colleagues report the genome sequence of the hot pepper, Capsicum annuum, as well as the resequencing of two cultivated peppers and a wild species, Capsicum chinense. Comparative genomic analysis across Solanaceae provides insights into genome expansion, pungency, ripening and disease resistance in hot peppers.

Monoclonal antibodies with broadly neutralizing activity are being developed as potential treatment of influenza infections. Here, the authors describe a broadly neutralizing antibody with an unusual mode of binding to viral haemagglutinin, which has been isolated from patients convalescent from pandemic H1N1 influenza infection.

Tigers are an endangered species and therefore understanding their genetic architecture could aid conservation efforts. Here, the authors report the first genome sequence of the Amur tiger and, through close species comparative genomic analysis, provide insight into the genome organization, evolutionary divergence and diversity of big cats.

Acoustic sensors have myriad important applications, but they are limited by their pressure sensitivity. Chen et al.show how the use of graded anisotropic acoustic metamaterial structures can help overcome this by amplifying the acoustic waves via compression effects.

Remote atomic interaction of crystalline materials through 2D materials is presented to depend on the polarity of both the 2D interlayers and underlying substrates, providing insights for the epitaxial growth of various materials on 2D crystals.

By inducing changes in surrounding tissue, mutant intestinal stem cells create an unfavourable niche environment that gives them a competitive advantage over non-mutant neighbours.

Improved cytosine base editors are generated by directed evolution of an adenosine deaminase.

Lung squamous carcinomas (LUSC) are poorly molecularly characterized, but sub-populations show promising response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, the authors identify a subset of LUSC characterized by infiltration of inflammatory monocytes, where metastasis is linked to Factor XIIIA promoting fibrin cross-linking.

A comprehensive analysis of brain somatic mosaicism across the neocortex demonstrates the origins and distribution patterns of cells within the human brain.

Novel experiences in mice lead to opposing effects on inhibition of Fos-activated hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by parvalbumin- and cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons, revealing the roles of FOS and SCG2 in neural plasticity and consolidation of memories.

MDC1 is a key component of the DNA damage response and interacts with several factors such as γ-H2AX. Here the authors show that MDC1 interacts with ID3, facilitating MDC1 recruitment to sites of damage and repair of breaks.

A selective inhibitor of the deubiquitinase USP7 binds an allosteric site to inhibit its MDM2-stabilizing activity, resulting in stabilization of p53 and p21, which confers hypersensitivity to cancer cells for killing by the compound.

Zhu et al. discover that in human brain there is widespread anatomic distribution of low-frequency somatic, mosaic L1 insertions, using deep whole-genome sequencing of neuronal and glial fractions and machine-learning analysis.

New single crystal paleointensity data show that the geomagnetic field was renewed in the early Cambrian after near collapse in the Ediacaran Period. This implies that the innermost/outermost structure of the inner core formed 450 million yrs. ago.

Using a multi-omics approach, the authors examine the molecular drivers of sexual dimorphism in the subcutaneous adipose tissue from sedentary and endurance-trained rats. These data provide a valuable resource for adipose tissue-related research.

ARID1A is frequently mutated in ovarian clear-cell carcinoma. Here the authors show that ARID1A loss in mice cooperates with PI3K activation to recapitulate the human disease, and implicate IL-6 signalling as the underlying mechanism.

Josephson junctions composed of graphene are limited by incomplete gate control of the supercurrent, impeding their development for superconducting quantum devices. Here, the authors fabricate bipolar Josephson junctions of graphene, allowing supercurrent on/off switching through electrostatic gating.

Fukazawa et al. report that SIV persists in follicular helper T cells in elite controller macaques, evading clearance by CD8+ T cells