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A comprehensive analysis of antibody neutralization activity against a panel of authentic isolates and chimeric SARS-CoV-2 variants shows markedly diminished neutralizing activity against the variant B.1.351, first identified in South Africa.

New in vitro data suggest that the new SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is likely to escape neutralization by most therapeutic antibodies currently available.

Sera from vaccinated individuals and some monoclonal antibodies show a modest reduction in neutralizing activity against the B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2; but the E484K substitution leads to a considerable loss of neutralizing activity.

Pseudovirus assays and surface plasmon resonance show that the Omicron receptor-binding ___domain binds to human ACE2 with increased affinity relative to the ancestral virus, and that most neutralizing antibodies are considerably less potent against Omicron.

A human monoclonal antibody has been identified which can cross-neutralize both human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV), demonstrating that a single monoclonal antibody can target different viruses, a discovery that may lead to the creation of new therapeutics and vaccines.

A strategy using engineered functional customized viral receptors enables the development of functional infection models for coronaviruses whose native cellular receptors are unknown.

Evolution of viruses undermines the efficacy of vaccines and antibody therapies. To overcome this challenge, authors describe a strategy for prefusion-stabilization to provide proof-of-principle for fusion-machinery sarbecovirus vaccines.

C-type lectins and SIGLEC1 function as attachment receptors for SARS-CoV-2 and enhance ACE2-mediated infection.

Fifteen years’ follow-up of clinical development and real-world data from 43 patients show that gammaretroviral gene therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency has a positive long-term efficacy profile, warranting continued safety monitoring of patients receiving gene therapy.

Convergent mutations in hot spots of the spike proteins of currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants increase the binding affinity for the host receptor and promote more efficient fusion with host cell membranes.

Therapeutics to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae are needed. Here the authors show immune evasion drives lipopolysaccharide O2 serotype expansion in multidrug-resistant isolates, and anti-O-antigen human monoclonal antibodies synergize with antibiotics to protect mice from infection.

A study of SARS-CoV-2 variants examining their transmission, infectivity, and potential resistance to therapies provides insights into the biology of the Delta variant and its role in the global pandemic.

SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern are less susceptible to therapeutic neutralizing antibodies, given mutations in the surface glycoprotein S. Here, Case et al. show that therapeutic antibodies S309 and AZD7442 reduce lung infection with SARSCoV-2 Omicron lineages in humanized mouse model despite the loss of neutralizing potency in vitro.

The spike protein of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has a higher affinity for ACE2 than Delta, and a marked change in its antigenicity increases Omicron’s evasion of therapeutic and vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies.

The monoclonal antibody S309, identified from memory B cells of an individual infected with SARS-CoV in 2003, or antibody cocktails that contain this antibody potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2.

An antibody Fc ___domain variant with enhanced binding to an activating Fc receptor on dendritic cells promotes the induction of a protective CD8 T cell response.

Experiments in mouse and hamster models show that monoclonal antibody combinations, using antibodies that correspond to products in clinical development, largely retain their efficacy in protecting against currently prevailing variant strains of SARS-CoV-2.

The conformational dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spike are constrained by engineering a disulfide bond that locks the protein in a closed conformation, a strategy that was also applied to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

The neuraminidase-targeting monoclonal antibody FNI9 potently inhibits the enzymatic activity of influenza A and B viruses via receptor mimicry.

The structure of flavivirus surface proteins has been elucidated, but the conformation of capsid proteins within particles is less clear. Here, the authors provide a subnanometer resolution structure of Zika virus capsid protein within the virus particle, elucidating its quaternary organization and role in flavivirus packaging.

Rabies virus (RABV) infection of unvaccinated individuals can be treated with post exposure prophylaxis. Here, Hellert et al. analyze the structure of a broadly neutralizing human antibody in complex with its target ___domain in the RABV glycoprotein and demonstrate that it blocks the acid-induced conformational change required for membrane fusion.

NeoCoV and its close relative, PDF-2180, can efficiently bind to and use specific bat ACE2 orthologues and, less favourably, human ACE2 as entry receptors through their receptor-binding domains on the spike protein.

Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is caused by autoantibodies to GM-CSF. Here the authors show that the individual autoantibodies only partially neutralize GM-CSF and that antibodies to at least three different epitopes are required to block GM-CSF bioavailability.

A survey of SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies identifies those with activity against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-related coronaviruses, highlighting epitopes and features to prioritize in antibody and vaccine development.

The human monoclonal antibody S2X259 cross-reacts with spike proteins from all clades of sarbecovirus, and provides prophylactic and therapeutic protection in vivo against parental SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants of concern.

Analysis of the spread of the 20E (EU1) variant of SARS-CoV-2 through Europe suggests that international travel and insufficient containment, rather than increased transmissibility, led to a resurgence of infections.

The main pathway of somatic mutations leading to the generation of high affinity broadly neutralizing antibodies against the influenza haemagglutinin stem is defined.

Bartha et al. investigate the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 towards an endemic state. Real world data on over 600,000 individuals and from wastewater surveillance show loss of SARS-CoV-2 virulence and patterns of morbidity similar to influenza.

Oral-vaccine-induced IgA cross-links growing bacteria into clonal aggregates, inhibiting pathogenesis, adaption and the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes.

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gHgLgO trimer binds with high affinity through the gO subunit to platelet-derived growth factor-α receptor (PDGFRα), which is expressed on fibroblasts but not on epithelial cells.

Monoclonal antibodies with broad reactivity against antigens on the parasite that causes malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, are isolated from two subjects and are found to have an unusual insertion of an immunoglobulin-like ___domain from a different chromosome, illustrating a new mechanism of antibody diversification.

The antibody-dependent enhancement of disease is reviewed, with an emphasis on implications for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

This Perspective discusses possible future patterns of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the development of variants, potential changes in the patterns of spread and the implications for vaccine deployment and the potential consequences of these issues for the development of policy.