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Building a trustworthy and effective healthcare AI ecosystem requires a scheme that embodies fairness, communication-efficient characteristics, and enhanced privacy protection. Here, the authors develop a framework for healthcare institutions with varying resources to fairly collaborate on AI training while protecting patient privacy, ensuring equitable access to high-quality medical AI regardless of resource constraints.

Aging increases the risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, the authors present a spatial transcriptome atlas of the human prefrontal cortex in AD, revealing distinct transcriptional alterations.

In this phase 3 trial, first-line treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with anti-PD-1 finotonlimab plus cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil (C5F) prolonged overall survival compared with placebo plus C5F.

Atomic-level control over size, shape and surface composition of nanoparticles is vital for developing materials with integrated multiple functionalities. Here, the authors probe the different roles of oleate ions and oleic acid molecules and their effects on growth mechanisms for sub-50 nm nanoparticles.

Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus are increasingly susceptible to atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. Here, the authors show that elevated palmitic acid levels are linked to increased atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability.

Resonant X-ray excitation of the  ⁴⁵Sc nuclear isomeric state was achieved by irradiation of a Sc-metal foil with 12.4-keV photon pulses from a state-of-the-art X-ray free-electron laser, allowing a high-precision determination of the transition energy.

A series of materials containing Mo-S clusters confined in zeolitic cages of ZSM-5 are reported and shown to be efficient for CO₂ or CO hydrogenation with >98% selectivity to methanol, stable over 1000 h, or C₂ and C₃ hydrocarbons, stable over 100 h.

A cascaded hard X-ray self-seeding system is demonstrated at the European X-ray free-electron laser. The setup enables millijoule-level pulses in the photon energy range of 6–14 keV at the rate of ten trains per second, with each train including hundreds of pulses arriving at a megahertz repetition rate.

Continuous spectral translation could allow expansion of the bandwidth available for communication without having to develop transceivers for the new bands. Here, the authors demonstrate this using AlGaAsOI nanowaveguides as spectral translators between the mature telecom C band and the 2-μm wavelength band.

Control over the luminescence lifetimes of upconversion nanocrystals allows a new form of temporal multiplexing for imaging and data-storage applications.

Douglas Easton, Per Hall and colleagues report meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies for breast cancer, including 10,052 cases and 12,575 controls, followed by genotyping using the iCOGS array in an additional 52,675 cases and 49,436 controls from studies within the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). They identify 41 loci newly associated with susceptibility to breast cancer.

Stig Bojesen, Georgia Chenevix-Trench, Alison Dunning and colleagues report common variants at the TERT-CLPTM1L locus associated with mean telomere length measured in whole blood. They also identify associations at this locus to breast or ovarian cancer susceptibility and report functional studies in breast and ovarian cancer tissue and cell lines.

Gut microbiota has been reported to influence osteoporosis risk, but the individual species, and underlying mechanisms, remain largely unknown. Here, the authors identify Bacteroides vulgatus and serum valeric acid as potential targets for osteoporosis prevention/treatment.

Long-term variability of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) circulation is not well understood. Here, the authors present data from different boundary currents that shows an enhanced NPSG circulation since ~3000-4000 years ago, linked to a southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

Keri Monda, Kari North, Christopher Haiman and colleagues report a meta-analysis of GWAS for body mass index that is composed of 39,144 individuals of African ancestry, followed by further genotyping in 32,268 individuals of African ancestry. The study also includes analysis of publicly available data from the GIANT consortium of ~124,000 individuals of European ancestry. The paper reports evidence for two new loci near GALNT10 and MIR148A.

Super-resolution optical microscopy based on stimulated emission depletion effects can now be performed at much lower light intensities than before by using bright upconversion emission from thulium-doped nanoparticles.

Machine learning and deep learning models are used to predict high-quality tandem mass spectra, providing benefits over traditional analysis methods for interpreting proteomics data.

A new study generated and optimized a polygenic score for chronic kidney disease with reproducible performance across 15 cohorts of different ancestries, and identified potentially clinically relevant thresholds with predicted effects comparable to having a family history of the disease.

Montserrat Garcia-Closas and colleagues report a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, including 4,193 ER-negative breast cancer cases and 35,194 controls, with replication using the iCOGS custom genotyping array in 40 studies, including 6,514 cases and 41,455 controls. They identify four loci associated with ER-negative but not ER-positive breast cancer.

Christopher Haiman and colleagues report a genome-wide association study for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer in women of African and European ancestry. They identify a variant at the TERT-CLPTM1L locus on 5p15 as associated with ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer. This locus also harbors multiple variants associated with a range of other cancers.

Proteoforms can be investigated using top-down proteomics, a technique that analyses whole proteins without previous digestion. This Primer introduces top-down proteomics, exploring mass spectrometry experimental methods, sample preparation, data analysis and applications in understanding human disease.

Frequency dependent impairment degrades the transmission performance but its accurate calibration is still challenging due to the complex polarization. Dai, Zhang and colleagues report a calibration method able to simultaneously calibrate various frequency-dependent impairments in coherent optical transceivers, with a measured bit error rate improvement from 1.61e^-1 to 4.41e^-2 after calibration.

Hanwen Luo and colleagues report a device-compatible ultra-high-order quantum noise stream cipher encrypted method. The approach flexibly regulates the data transmission rate and security performance of high-speed long-distance communications networks.