NAFLD, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are thought to be linked. However, whether NAFLD is a marker of, or a causal risk factor for, CVD and CKD is unclear. In this Review, Enzo Bonora and Giovanni Targher discuss the key pitfalls and main certainties surrounding the associations between these diseases.
- Enzo Bonora
- Giovanni Targher