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Nebulin-based nemaline myopathy is a heterogenous disease with unclear pathological mechanisms. Here, the authors generate a mouse model that mimics the most common genetic cause of the disease and demonstrate that muscle weakness in this model is associated with twisted actin filaments and altered tropomyosin and troponin behaviour.

Here the authors developed and experimentally validated sChemNET, a deep learning framework to predict small molecules affecting microRNA function based on chemical structure and sequence data. sChemNET predicts bioactive small molecules on the basis of sparse chemical datasets.

The role of non-coding mutations in cancer progression and immune evasion needs to be further explored. Here, the authors investigate the potential of common somatic and germline 3′ untranslated region variants in predicting response to immunotherapy in gastric patients.

A novel anti-microRNA delivery platform that targets the acidic tumour microenvironment, in which a chosen anti-miRNA is coupled to a peptide that can transport the anti-miRNA across cell membranes specifically in an acidic environment.

Relapsed disease after conventional cancer treatments is an obstacle in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-based targeted therapy. Here the authors show that tolerance to the EGFR inhibitor osimertinib in non-small-cell lung cancer is mediated by the effects of miR-147b on the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pseudohypoxia pathways, which can be manipulated with a miR-147b inhibitor.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that can modulate mRNA expression. Insights into the roles of miRNAs in development and disease have led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that are based on miRNA mimics or agents that inhibit their functions (antimiRs), and the first such approaches have entered the clinic. This Review discusses the role of different miRNAs in cancer and other diseases, and provides an overview of current miRNA therapeutics in the clinic.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is characterized by severe behavioural alterations, such as hyperactivity, anxiety and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. These behavioural manifestations, in addition to the molecular pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of FXS, are reviewed in this Primer.

Finding biologically relevant targets is a prerequisite for understanding the function of any trans regulator of gene expression, but this can be particularly challenging with microRNAs (miRNAs). A study in this issue addresses the problem by identifying a novel mode of miRNA target recognition.

A new strategy is presented to functionally knock down microRNAs in a mouse.

Embryonic stem cells can create copies of themselves, but can also mature into almost any type of cell in the body. Tiny gene regulators called microRNAs are now shown to have a role in directing these properties.

Bjarke Feenstra and colleagues identify common variants at six loci associated with general or MMR vaccine–related febrile seizures. The two loci specifically associated with MMR-related febrile seizures harbor the interferon-stimulated gene IFI44L and the measles virus receptor gene CD46.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-protein-coding RNAs that can repress the expression of important cancer-related genes. The mutation or mis-expression of several miRNAs is evident in human cancers, so will these novel RNAs prove useful in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer?

JWST observations of the planetary nebula NGC 3132 reveal a rich molecular environment containing evidence of multiple stellar interactions on a variety of scales.

MiR-34 is a tumour suppressor microRNA known to be upregulated by p53 after DNA damage and plays a critical role in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Here the authors show the cell maintains an inactive pool of miR-34 which is rapidly activated after damage via ATM-dependent phosphorylation.

Elevated expression of long noncoding RNA H19 is seen in clinical samples of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (PCa). Here the authors show H19 promotes plasticity from luminal to neuroendocrine by epigenetic reprogramming.

Our understanding of the biological functions of small non-coding RNAs has been fostered by the analysis of genetic deletions of individual microRNAs (miRNAs) in mammals. These studies show that miRNAs are key regulators of animal development and are potential human disease loci.

New advancements in microarray technology offer a stepping-stone to the biological function of microRNAs.

This work reports a dual transposase–peroxidase fusion to survey the accessible chromatin regions and the proximal proteome in one assay, providing a tool to capture both the genomic and proteomic contents of open chromatin.

Openshaw and colleagues find myeloid inflammation and complement activation signatures in patients with long COVID who were previously hospitalized.

One model for cancer development posits that the proliferating cells in a tumour can become 'addicted' to activating mutations in an oncogene. With the realization that certain microRNAs promote tumorigenesis, it has been proposed that tumours may also become dependent on such 'oncomiRs'. Here, evidence is provided that the gene encoding microRNA-21 is an oncogene, and that in its absence, tumours undergo apoptosis and regress. Thus tumours can indeed become addicted to oncomiRs.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional molecules that regulate physiological programmes in developmental and disease contexts. This Review article discusses the complex networks of interactions that ncRNAs engage in and how these confer oncogenic or tumour-suppressive effects in cancer.

Mavrikaki et al. show that severe COVID-19 is associated with molecular signatures of aging and low cognitive performance in the human frontal cortex; and emphasize the value of neurological follow-up in recovered individuals.

Many different microRNAs (miRNAs) have now been linked to cancer, but our understanding of the pathways that are regulated by these miRNAsin vivois still limited. This Review discusses progress in using mouse models to understand the roles of miRNAs in cancer and the therapeutic potential of these molecules.

METTL3, the enzyme responsible for m⁶A modification, influences translation by interacting with eIF3h to mediate looping between the regions near the stop codon and 5′ cap of mRNA.

Cytoplasmic dynein has multiple ATPase subunits, with AAA1 as the primary ATPase. Single-molecule and biochemical approaches reveal that AAA3 ATPase has a role in switching dynein between cargo-transport and microtubule-anchoring modes.

Uniform processing and detailed annotation of human, worm and fly RNA-sequencing data reveal ancient, conserved features of the transcriptome, shared co-expression modules (many enriched in developmental genes), matched expression patterns across development and similar extent of non-canonical, non-coding transcription; furthermore, the data are used to create a single, universal model to predict gene-expression levels for all three organisms from chromatin features at the promoter.