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Mitochondrial nanoinducers that degrade mitochondria via autophagy enhance T cell activation and tumour cell susceptibility, improving immunotherapy.

Zinc gluconate in oral supplements associates with plasma proteins to form renal-tumour-accumulating ZnO nanoparticles, which have antitumoural immune activity and can also be used for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents.

The activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) was found to promote the progression of Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) via metabolic crosstalk. Here, this group designs a liposome nanosystem encapsulating NF-κB inhibitor (TPCA-1) and CD71 aptamerlinked glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) siRNA to dual rectify the metabolism abnormalities of PDAC cells and reverses the activated PSC to quiescence.

Gut inflammation and bone loss have previously been linked. Here, the authors show colon-targeted engineered postbiotics can protect the gut and reduce systemic inflammation, which rebalances inflammation disturbed osteoblast-osteoclast levels restoring bone homeostasis.

A prophylactic cancer vaccine consisting of commercial adjuvants wrapped by membranes from pluripotent stem cells inhibited tumour progression in mice, owing to shared antigens between tumour membranes and the pluripotent stem cell membranes.

Multivalent antigen display on nanoparticles can enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines targeting viral moieties. Here the authors employ DNA origami to rationally design and assemble nanovaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and characterize cellular and humoral immune response in female mice.

Metal-ion-chelating phenylalanine nanostructures modulate ion influx and efflux in dendritic cells, activating them through the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway to remodel the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment for PD-L1-based immunotherapy.

Stromal-tumour interactions play an important role in pancreatic cancer progression. Here, they describe the development of a tumour microenvironment-responsive gold nanoparticle system incorporating all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and siRNA against heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), for use in pancreatic cancer treatment.

Conformational cooperativity is a universal molecular effect mechanism and plays a critical role in signalling pathways. Here the authors present a programmable conformational cooperativity strategy to construct the oligo-protein signal transduction platform for logic operations and gene regulations which can be cooperatively regulated by conformational signals.

Bacteria have been exploited as a potential bio-factory for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Here the authors report the generation of gold nanoparticles from Escherichia coli and show their application for eliciting hyperthermia and anti-tumor immune responses in preclinical cancer models.

A lipid nanoparticle (LNP) component—an adjuvant lipidoid—is developed to enhance the adjuvanticity of LNPs, which significantly increases the innate and adaptive responses of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines with good tolerability in mice.

Several strategies have been employed to enhance the tumor-targeting and anti-cancer properties of engineered bacteria. Here the authors describe the design of alternating magnetic field-manipulated bacteria engineered to release an anti-CD47 nanobody, promoting anti-tumor immune response in preclinical cancer models.

The level of immune response in cancer vaccines can limit application. Here, an immune mobilization strategy, using bacteria-derived nanovesicles, enhances therapeutic outcomes of tumour vaccination by stimulating interleukin-1β secretion to elicit trained immunity with lineage shifts and epigenetic changes in myeloid progenitor pools.

Tumour vaccines consisting of outer membrane vesicles bearing a specific tumour antigen and produced in the intestine by ingested genetically engineered bacteria generate long-term antitumour immunity in mice.

A DNA nanodevice vaccine has been developed and utilized to stimulate a tumour-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in vivo, leading to the inhibition of tumour growth as well as prevention of metastasis.

Platinum based drugs like cisplatin are common chemotherapy treatments for cancer. Here, the authors report on the in situ formation of platinum nanoparticles in patients and demonstrated how platinum nanoparticles can be synthesized using patients’ blood and provide effective drug delivery and cancer treatments.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), non-replicative particles secreted by Gram-negative bacteria, are known for their immunostimulatory and adjuvant properties. Here, by employing a Plug-and-Display technology, the authors engineer OMVs to display tumor antigens on the surface, a platform that promotes anti-tumor immune responses in preclinical cancer models.

The combination of tumour-infarction therapy and chemotherapy, delivered via nanoparticles decorated with a tumour-homing peptide and encapsulating thrombin and doxorubicin, outperforms the corresponding monotherapies in tumour-bearing mice and rabbits.

Polymer–lipid–peptide nanoparticles carrying an antiplatelet antibody and a chemotherapy drug deplete tumour-associated platelets to increase vascular permeability and augment the accumulation of the drug in tumours.

This article includes two protocols for the construction of responsive and activable nanomedicines that regulate the tumor microenvironment.

Targeting platelets represents a promising approach to improve the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy and cancer immunotherapy. Here, Li and colleagues highlight the dynamic role of platelets in tumour development, progression, and response to therapy, and underscore the utility of tumour-educated platelets for precise tumour diagnosis and treatment.

Multifunctional nanostructures are explored for smart cancer nanomedicine. This Review discusses nanostructures made of biomolecules, including polysaccharides, nucleic acids, peptides and proteins, which are inherently multifunctional and allow the targeting and delivery of cancer drugs to tumour tissue.

DNA origami-based nanorobot presents thrombin to cause tumor infarction after specific recognition of a tumor vessel marker.

Understanding enzyme-response mechanisms is important for designing materials in cell therapy, biomedical research, and tissue engineering. Here, a chitosan/γ-polyglutamic acid hydrogel is designed as a platform to understand the role of gallic acid in the enzyme-response mechanism.

This protocol details the construction of two types of nanocarrier based on bacterial membrane materials and their use in vaccine delivery to create cancer nanovaccines.