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Zhu et al. use machine learning to reveal complex insights into human strategic decision-making.

Here they reveal how DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility shape how stem cells respond to differentiation signals and uncover an ERK-driven mechanism that guides the formation of diverse tissues during mammalian development.

A preinfusion circulatory inflammation biomarker-based signature predicts the likelihood of treatment failure in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma who were treated with CAR-T cell therapy, with an inflammatory cluster assignment being prognostic of clinical response and survival outcomes.

Drug target identification is a crucial step in drug development. Here, the authors introduce a Bayesian machine learning framework that integrates multiple data types to predict the targets of small molecules, enabling identification of a new set of microtubule inhibitors and the target of the anti-cancer molecule ONC201.

Single and multiple intravenous infusions with laromestrocel, an allogeneic cell therapy, is safe in patients with mild AD and may reduce the impact of cognitive decline and brain atrophy within 9 months of treatment.

Post-infectious myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (PI-ME/CFS) is a disabling disorder, yet the clinical phenotype is poorly defined and the pathophysiology unknown. Here, the authors conduct deep phenotyping of a cohort of PI-ME/CFS patients.

Strong acoustic fields applied to solutions of linear polymers typically result in mid-chain scission, yielding products half the molecular weight of the original. Now it has been shown that poly(o-phthalaldehyde), a polymer with a ceiling temperature below room temperature, undergoes chain scission and subsequent depolymerization to monomers. Introduction of an appropriate initiator to the monomer regenerates poly(o-phthaladehyde) macromolecules.

Theories of human categorization have traditionally been evaluated in the context of simple, low-dimensional stimuli. In this work, the authors use a large dataset of human behavior over 10,000 natural images to re-evaluate these theories, revealing interesting differences from previous results.

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias identifies new loci and enables generation of a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

Bosonic qubits can be engineered to feature intrinsic protection against certain kinds of errors, which makes quantum error correction across many bosonic qubits possible with less overhead.

The All of Us Research Program has prioritized the enrollment of people from backgrounds that are historically under-represented in medical research to bring precision medicine to the full diversity of the US population and to improve health outcomes for all.

Genome editing in plants typically requires the expression of Cas9 and guide RNA from stably transformed plasmid DNA. Here, the authors show that successful editing can be achieved after delivery of the Cas9-guide RNA complex as a ribonucleoprotein to maize embryos via biolistics.

Marais and colleagues report that checkpoint inhibitor treatment of patients with melanoma leads to dynamic changes in peripheral T cells and expansion of immune effector cells. This awakening of the immune system occurs early after treatment and could be exploited in the clinic.

The influence of X chromosome genetic variation on blood lipids and coronary heart disease (CHD) is not well understood. Here, the authors analyse X chromosome sequencing data across 65,322 multi-ancestry individuals, identifying associations of the Xq23 locus with lipid changes and reduced risk of CHD and diabetes mellitus.

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a lipid made in the inner mitochondrial membrane with antioxidant roles throughout the cell, but regulation of its cellular distribution is unclear. Here the authors identify two proteins that have reciprocal CoQ trafficking functions to help coordinate CoQ localization in yeast.

Multiplexed analyses of near single EVs is currently challenging. Here the authors report the method MASEV, multiplexed analysis of EVs, to interrogate thousands of individual EVs during 5 cycles of multi-channel fluorescence staining for 15 EV biomarkers.

A survey of sharks and rays on coral reefs within 66 marine protected areas across 36 countries showcases that the conservation benefits of full MPA protection to sharks almost double when accompanied by effective fisheries management.

Despite the progression of Actinium-225 (225Ac) radiopharmaceuticals, there is still a limited understanding of Ac coordination chemistry due to its radioactivity, poor availability, and lack of stable isotopes. Here, the authors demonstrate a platform to characterize the solution and solid-state behavior of the longest-lived Ac isotope, 227Ac.

Gene-edited waxy corn lines have higher yields in field trials than hybrids produced by traditional trait introgression.

Males are less susceptible to autoimmune diseases due to immunomodulatory effects of androgen. Here the authors show that androgen receptor upregulates Aire and Aire-dependent transcription in the thymic epithelium, and that Aire is required for androgen-mediated suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalitis.

The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network reports an integrative analysis of more than 400 samples of clear cell renal cell carcinoma based on genomic, DNA methylation, RNA and proteomic characterisation; frequent mutations were identified in the PI(3)K/AKT pathway, suggesting this pathway might be a potential therapeutic target, among the findings is also a demonstration of metabolic remodelling which correlates with tumour stage and severity.

Fishing has had a profound impact on global reef shark populations, and the absence or presence of sharks is strongly correlated with national socio-economic conditions and reef governance.

The authors report on a temperate Earth-sized planet orbiting the cool M6 dwarf LP 791-18 with a radius of 1.03 ± 0.04 R_⊕ and an equilibrium temperature of 300–400 K, with the permanent night side plausibly allowing for water condensation.

The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is a ubiquitous human ectoparasite with global distribution. Here, the authors sequence the genome of the bed bug and identify reductions in chemosensory genes, expansion of genes associated with blood digestion and genes linked to pesticide resistance.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in over 7,000 individuals with critical COVID-19 are used to identify 16 independent variants that are associated with severe illness in COVID-19.

The synthetic ABA agonist pyrabactin helped identify the PYR/PYL family of ABA receptors. Now the selectivity of pyrabactin toward specific members of this family is explained using genetic, chemical and structural approaches. Subtle differences in the binding pockets of the receptors lead to productive or nonproductive conformations upon pyrabactin binding.

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy are currently treated with repeated intravitreous injections of VEGF neutralizing proteins. Here the authors develop a microparticle-loaded tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, which is effective for six months after a single injection in preclinical models.

Samples of different body regions from hundreds of human donors are used to study how genetic variation influences gene expression levels in 44 disease-relevant tissues.

A quantum-optical memristor is realized by means of a laser-written integrated photonic circuit. The memristive dynamics of the device is fully characterized. A memristor-based quantum reservoir computer is proposed as a possible application.

Lignin conversion to higher value products is essential to the economic viability of lignocellulosic biorefineries. Here, the authors demonstrate the bioconversion of alkali pretreated lignin to itaconic acid by dynamic two stage fermentation using a signal-amplified nitrogen-limitation biosensor.

A common immune signature in the blood of patients with COVID-19, who are otherwise clinically heterogeneous, sheds light into the pathogenesis and clinical progression of the disease.

The question of what axion mass would give rise to the observed dark matter abundance requires proper modelling of non-linear dynamics of the axion field in the early Universe. Here, the authors use adaptive mesh refinement simulations to predict a mass in the range in the range (40,180) microelectronvolts.

The team of authors led by Seon-Kyeong Jang use whole-genome sequencing data and show that rare genetic variants explain much of the ‘missing heritability’ in smoking behaviours. These results help address a long-standing mystery in behavioural genetics.

DeepInterpolation is a self-supervised deep learning-based denoising approach for calcium imaging, electrophysiology and fMRI data. The approach increases the signal-to-noise ratio and allows extraction of more information from the processed data than from the raw data.

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a regulator of plant growth, development and responses to environmental stresses. Recently, the PYR/PYL/RCAR family of START proteins was found to bind ABA and mediate inactivation of downstream effectors. The crystal structures of apo and ABA-bound receptors as well as a ternary PYL2–ABA–PP2C complex is now reported and analysed, revealing a gate–latch–lock mechanism underlying ABA signalling.

A genome-wide association study identifies 17 genetic loci that are associated with the risk of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), and shows that the modulation of haematopoietic stem cell function drives MPN risk.

This Perspective describes the development and capabilities of SciPy 1.0, an open source scientific computing library for the Python programming language.

The goal of the 1000 Genomes Project is to provide in-depth information on variation in human genome sequences. In the pilot phase reported here, different strategies for genome-wide sequencing, using high-throughput sequencing platforms, were developed and compared. The resulting data set includes more than 95% of the currently accessible variants found in any individual, and can be used to inform association and functional studies.

The Human Microbiome Project Consortium has established a population-scale framework to study a variety of microbial communities that exist throughout the human body, enabling the generation of a range of quality-controlled data as well as community resources.

Using the GTEx data and others, a comprehensive analysis of adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in mammals is presented; targets of the various ADAR enzymes are identified, as are several potential regulators of editing, such as AIMP2.

Computational analyses integrating whole-genome sequencing, cardiac epigenomic data and RNA-binding-protein data identify a role for noncoding de novo mutations in congenital heart disease.