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This Review evaluates the contemporary evidence on the physiology of pain after percutaneous nephrolithotomy and provides evidence-based recommendations to optimize pain control and patient experience, including surgical, pharmacological and psychosocial considerations.

Detailed neutron scattering, magnetic susceptibility and muon spin relaxation studies indicate the absence of long-range magnetic order in the quantum magnet TbInO₃ down to 0.46 K— an observation consistent with quantum spin liquid behaviour.

A comprehensive analysis of models of brain metastasis and multiple cohorts of patient samples identifies a targetable molecular mechanism underlying the resistance to whole-brain radiotherapy that can inform patient selection for personalized radiotherapy.

Deep learning can be used to virtually stain autofluorescence images of unlabelled tissue sections, generating images that are equivalent to the histologically stained versions.

The structure and porosity of a zinc imidazolate framework above the melting point was studied with neutron and X-ray scattering, and molecular dynamics. The porosity and local bonding of the framework persist even in the liquid phase.

Several methods make it possible to obtain depth information in 3D super-resolution microscopy. Here the authors exploit a self-interference phenomenon to allow deep imaging within tissue samples, as well as isotropic imaging.

Analysis of whole-genome doubling (WGD) by using cancer sequencing data combined with simulations of tumor evolution suggests that there is negative selection against homozygous loss of essential genes before WGD but not after.

Physical mapping of DNA can be used to detect structural variants and for whole-genome haplotype assembly. Here, the authors use CRISPR-Cas9 and high-speed atomic force microscopy to ‘nanomap’ single molecules of DNA.

Submarine glacial landforms are used to reconstruct the Holocene retreat dynamics and stability of Petermann Glacier in northwest Greenland. Here, a large grounding-zone wedge at the mouth of Petermann fjord indicates a period of glacier stability, with final retreat likely driven by marine ice cliff instability.

The authors map chromatin accessibility after cytokinin treatment in Arabidopsis using fluorescence activated nuclei sorting and ATAC-seq. Regions of chromatin accessibility changes are preferentially located upstream of genes that respond transcriptionally to the hormone, and are enriched in type-B response regulator binding motifs.

Electron-only reconnection is ubiquitous in turbulence, but its nature is poorly understood. Using kinetic simulations and analytical theory, the authors point out the key physics that enables its faster-than-standard reconnection rate, and a model is derived to predict the scaling of the rates with system sizes.

Single-cell RNA sequencing of cells from humans with multiple sclerosis and mice with a model of the disease identifies a population of disease-promoting astrocytes in which anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory proteins are suppressed.

A crystal structure of human ESCRT-I headpiece reveals a helical assembly that is required for autophagosome closure and HIV-1 release in cells. The work suggests that ESCRT-I assembly templates ESCRT-III assembly for membrane scission.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes offer exciting optoelectronic applications but generally suffer from low quantum yields. Here, Luo et al. demonstrate that coupling nanotubes to plasmonic antennas can lead to large Purcell enhancement and corresponding increase in quantum yield as well as plasmonic thermometry at the single molecule level.

Using the GTEx data and others, a comprehensive analysis of adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in mammals is presented; targets of the various ADAR enzymes are identified, as are several potential regulators of editing, such as AIMP2.

When the packing fraction is increased sufficiently, loose particulates jam together to form a rigid solid in which the constituents are no longer free to move. Although in typical granular materials and foams the thermal energy is too small to produce structural rearrangements, thermal motion becomes relevant when the particles are small enough. Here, colloidal experiments and computer simulations are used to investigate the overlap distance between neighbouring particles beyond the zero-temperature limit, revealing some surprising behaviour.

By varying the voltage on an isolated gate electrode beneath a graphene sheet, the ionization state of cobalt atoms on its surface can be controlled. This enables the electronic structure of individual ionized atoms, and the resulting cloud of screening electrons that form around them, to be obtained with a scanning tunnelling microscope.

A series of long-lived excitons in a monolayer of tungsten disulphide are found to have strong binding energy and an energy dependence on orbital momentum that significantly deviates from conventional, three-dimensional, behaviour.

Using a controllably small and local optomechanical perturbation introduced by a focused lithium-ion beam it is now possible to map five modes of a silicon microdisk resonator (Q ≥ 20,000) with high spatial and spectral resolution.

Non-classical states of light, such as entangled photon states, form an essential quantum resource. Entangled photon pairs can be created by spontaneous parametric down-conversion of laser light, but so far it has not been possible to produce photon triplets in this way. These authors report the generation of quantum-correlated photon triplets by cascaded down-conversion of a single pump photon. This should find widespread use in optical quantum technologies.

Researchers report the first demonstration of an ultrafast all-optical switch in the single-photon regime. The device, which consists of an InAs/GaAs quantum dot in a photonic crystal defect cavity, exhibits a coherent coupling constant of 141 meV and a quality factor of 25,000. The overall switching time is around 50 ps.

Bolometers with high responsivity and low electrical noise can be fabricated exploiting the conductance gap induced in graphene quantum dots by quantum confinement and their interaction with the substrate.

There are a number of approaches to coupling light with thin-film devices such as solar cells. The demonstration now that multiple scattering processes in two-dimensional random media enable efficient light trapping suggests new possibilities for photon management with the benefit of broad spectral and angular operation.

A high density of strong hydrogen bonds connecting two polymers that are homogeneously mixed in a thin film is shown to enhance the intrachain thermal conductance, boosting thermal transport in fully organic layers.

How gold ore deposits form in the absence of a magmatic source for gold is unclear. Analysis of hydrothermal fluids from the Reykjanes geothermal field reveals that gold can become trapped as a colloidal suspension and accumulate over time.

Viruses are isolated from the SAR11 bacterial clade, the most abundant group of bacteria in the ocean, that were thought to be resistant to viral infection; because of the essential role of SAR11 in carbon cycling these viruses are also an important factor in biogeochemical cycling.

Extreme rainfall increases with temperature and this is predicted to continue in a future warmer climate. Whilst a downturn in rainfall scaling is observed at high temperatures in the present day, this does not imply an upper limit on rainfall extremes in the future.

Epigenetic markers are potential biomarkers for diabetes and related complications. Here, the authors identify CpG sites associated with kidney function and its subsequent decline using both single-site and multisite analyses, which are shown to have functional significance in the kidney.

The molecular mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint therapy remain elusive. Here, the authors perform immunogenomic analysis of TCGA data and data from clinical trials for antiPD-1/PD-L1 therapy and highlight the association of 9p21 loss with a cold tumor microenvironment and resistance to therapy.

In a phase 2 trial of patients with untreated, recurrent and progressive brain metastases treated with an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitor, the overall intracranial benefit rate was 42.1%, which met the prespecified primary endpoint.

Genome-wide association meta-analyses identify 26 risk loci for epilepsy, including 19 loci specific to genetic generalized epilepsy. Prioritized candidate genes implicate synaptic processes and overlap with targets of antiseizure medications.

HLA-DM activity ensures that only high-affinity peptides are displayed on MHC class II molecules. Wucherpfennig and colleagues show that interaction of HLA-DR with the N terminus of bound peptides determines susceptibility to HLA-DM.

Understanding the production processes behind oceanic sources of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas, is of critical importance. Here, the authors reveal an archaeal-mediated N₂O production pathway in the North Pacific, which increases exponentially with decreasing oxygen.

The addition of a Notch signaling inhibitor to both mouse and human keratinocytes bypasses the use of oncogenes and p53 to increase transcription factor mediated–pluripotent stem cell reprogramming through blocking p21 expression.

Combinatorial inputs from temporal and spatial axes act together to promote medullary neural diversity in the optic lobes of Drosophila.

The kinase mTOR functions to enhance cell growth in many systems. This study finds that injury reduces mTOR activity in neurons of the corticospinal tract (CST) and that enhancing mTOR activity by inactivation of its negative regulator PTEN substantially increases sprouting and regenerative growth of injured CST neurons.

Little is known about the microbiota of marine mammals, despite the crucial ecological roles played by these animals. Here, Bik et al. describe the bacterial communities associated with various body sites in dolphins and sea lions, as well as the microbiota of their dietary fish and adjacent seawater.