Neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells mediate the inflammatory response which damages the kidney during ischemia–reperfusion. This Review provides a concise summary of the complex hypoxia-induced interactions between these components of the immune system. The role of the renal-circulation regulator adenosine and its cellular receptors is then discussed, and the potential for adenosine agonists to ameliorate ischemia–reperfusion injury examined.
