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Lightning Pose is an efficient pose estimation approach that requires few labeled training data owing to its semi-supervised learning strategy and ensembling.

Noel et al. show aberrant updating of expectations in three distinct mouse models of autism spectrum disorder. Brain-wide neurophysiology data suggest this stems from excess units encoding deviations from prior mean and a lack of sensory prediction errors in frontal areas.

DREDge is a software tool for motion correction of high-density electrophysiology recordings. It can handle action potential or local field potential data and is demonstrated on a variety of acute or chronic recordings from humans, nonhuman primates and mice.

Neural mechanisms mediating information flow and processing in dendrites are not fully understood. Here the authors developed techniques to map bioelectrical excitations in the dendrites of neurons in acute slices of mouse brain tissue. They developed a holistic picture of the roles of dendritic excitations in spike back-propagation.

Hands-free operation of a cursor can be achieved by a few neurons in the motor cortex.

Neuropil regions across the fly brain are activated by locomotion. Here, authors show that this movement-related activity involves most neurons in the dorsal fly brain, including genetically defined neurons with known, seemingly unrelated functions.

Colour perception arises from the comparison of signals from different cone types, but how these inputs are combined by ganglion cells, which transmit the output of the retina, has been an issue of contention. Using large-scale multi-electrode arrays and fine-grained visual stimulation, these authors map out the locations and types of single-cone inputs to entire populations of ganglion cells, resulting in input–output maps at an unprecedented resolution and scale.

To investigate the sensory contributions of barrel cortex, the authors estimate spatiotemporal receptive fields by reverse correlation of multi-whisker stimulation to synaptic inputs. Complex stimuli revealed dramatically sharpened receptive fields, largely due to adaptation, and suggest the potential importance of surround facilitation through adaptation for discriminating complex shapes and textures during natural sensing.

Granule cells constitute half of the cells in the brain, yet their activity during behavior is largely uncharacterized. The authors report that granule cells encode multisensory representations that evolve with learning into a predictive motor signal. This activity may help the cerebellum implement a forward model for action.

Integrating a Bessel focus module into a two-photon fluorescence mesoscope enables high-speed volumetric imaging of neuronal activity in soma, dendrites and spines.

A combination of improved near-infrared voltage indicators, high-speed microscopes and targeted gene expression schemes enabled simultaneous in vivo optogenetic control and recording of voltage dynamics in multiple neurons in the hippocampus of behaving mice.

A modular architecture for managing and sharing electrophysiology, behavior, colony management and other data has been built to support individual laboratories or large consortia.

The functional significance of correlated firing in a complete population of macaque parasol retinal ganglion cells using a model of multi-neuron spike responses is analysed. Fitting the physiological data to a model of multi-neuron spike responses, it is found that a significant fraction of what is usually considered single-cell noise in trial-to-trial response variability can be explained by correlations, and that a significant amount of sensory information can be decoded from the correlation structure.

The authors show that PKC-δ-expressing neurons in the central amygdala, are essential for synaptic plasticity underlying learning in the lateral amygdala, as they convey information about unconditioned stimulus to the lateral amygdala as a teaching signal.

This protocol describes how to perform long-term wide-field imaging of neuronal activity in behaving mice. The procedure discusses how to assemble and calibrate the macroscope, surgical preparation, imaging and data analysis.