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Neural networks fundamentally dictate function. Here, the authors show thirteen uniquely connected neuron populations within the anterior thalamic nuclei, suggesting multiple parallel subnetworks support its emotional and cognitive functions.

Multi-omics analysis of mouse livers shows that protein β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) is strongly affected by the ketogenic diet. Combining bioinformatics with experimental validation, a role of Kbhb sites in modulating mammalian target of rapamycin signalling and cancer cell metabolism is identified.

The search for low-dimensional condensed matter platforms that host correlated electronic states has recently revolved around kagome lattices. Here, the authors evidence kagome-like bands in a 2D coloring-triangle lattice with a semiconducting bandgap.

Polyketide synthases (PKSs) usually form C–C bonds in natural products biosynthesis. Here, the authors present cryo-EM structures of a PKS in complex with products, which provides insight into the mechanism of the unexpected C–N bond formation.

An estimate of water abundance in the lunar mantle indicates that the farside mantle is potentially drier than its nearside counterpart.

The 4Pi-SIM microscope combines the benefits of structured illumination microscopy with 4Pi geometry for improved axial resolution, offering isotropic, multicolor super-resolution imaging of dynamic processes in living cells.

Multi-modal analysis is used to generate a 3D atlas of the upper limb area of the mouse primary motor cortex, providing a framework for future studies of motor control circuitry.

Continuous directed evolution of base editors (BEs) has been successful in bacteria cells, but not yet in mammalian cells. Here, the authors report a Continuous Directed Evolution system in Mammalian cells (CDEM) enabling the BE evolution in a full-length manner with Cas9 nickase.

A recombinant vaccine that targets the receptor-binding ___domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces a potent antibody response in immunized mice, rabbits and non-human primates, and protects primates from infection with the virus.

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of three adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) complexes provide insight into the tethered activation mechanism of aGPCRs and show the potential for rational design of agonists.

The role of the low velocity-high conductivity zones (LV–HCZs) in developing the Tibetan Plateau has remained controversial. Here, Wang et al.present new geochemical and petrological data that show the LV–HCZs are sources of partial melt thus giving insight into the development of the Tibetan Plateau.

The proper axial length of the eye is crucial for achieving emmetropia. Here, authors introduce a wireless battery-free eye modulation patch designed to correct high myopia and prevent relapse.

Suppressing wheat ASPARTIC PROTEASE 1 promotes the homeostasis of PsbO, stabilizes the photosystem complex and elongates the duration of active photosynthesis, leading to increases in the CO₂ assimilation rate, kernel weight and yield.

The regulation of genetic diversity resulting from polyploidization and its impact on environmental adaptability remain unclear. Here, the authors show that LHP1-mediated epigenetic buffering of subgenome diversity and defense responses confers genome plasticity and adaptability in allopolyploid wheat.

Staphylococcus aureus secrete numerous effectors to evade or inhibit the host immune response, yet the mechanism underlying the effectors ability to manipulate the signalling pathways of macrophages remain unclear. Authors utilise in vitro and in vivo models to explore the role of extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) in immune response modulation and pathogenicity.

The collective-flow-assisted nuclear shape-imaging method images the nuclear global shape by colliding them at ultrarelativistic speeds and analysing the collective response of outgoing debris.

KRAS mutations are associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Here the authors show that knockout of SLC25A22, a mitochondrial glutamate carrier, reverts KRAS-mediated immunosuppression in preclinical CRC models, by suppressing CXCL1 production and impairing MDSC recruitment.

Blue carbon benefit has not been compared among mangrove reforestation and afforestation pathways at the global scale. This study shows that mangrove reforestation could perform a greater carbon storage potential per hectare than afforestation as its higher nitrogen availability and lower salinity.

Calcium and oxygen are abundant elements in the Earth’s mantle, largely present as calcium oxide. Here the authors show, by experiments and computations, that calcium ozonide (CaO₃) is stabilized at the high pressures and temperatures characteristic of the lower mantle, with implications for the deep Earth’s chemistry.

The superior colliculus (SC) receives diverse cortical inputs to drive many behaviors. Here, based on comprehensive mapping of cortico-tectal projections, the authors refined the superior colliculus into medial, centromedial, centrolateral, and lateral zones, and characterized the input-output connectivity and morphology of neurons in each zone that serve the role of SC in goal-directed behaviors.

Looking for metabolic-associated vulnerabilities is a promising approach for therapeutic intervention in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. Here, the authors show that the cholesterol-uptake regulator PCSK9 drives tumourigenesis and is a therapeutic target in KRASmutant colorectal cancer.

An antimatter hypernucleus formed by an anti-lambda hadron, an antiproton and two antineutrons was observed through its two-body decay after production in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions.

Xiangdong Fu and colleagues show that variation in DEP1, which encodes a G protein subunit known to influence rice panicle architecture, underlies a major quantitative trait locus for nitrogen-use efficiency. These findings suggest that modulating heterotrimeric G protein activity could contribute to environmentally sustainable increases in rice grain yield.

The basolateral amygdala is implicated in several behavior-related states including anxiety, autism, and addiction. The authors apply circuit-level pathway tracing methods combined with computational techniques to provide a comprehensive connectivity atlas of the mouse basolateral amygdala complex.

The microbial synthesis of carbon-containing compounds from single carbon precursors is desirable, yet designed pathways to achieve this goal overlap with host metabolism. Here the authors design a de novo metabolic pathway to assimilate formaldehyde into acetyl-CoA that does not overlap with known metabolic networks.

Active translocation of DNA through nanopores usually needs enzyme assistance. Here authors present a nanopore derived from helicase E1 of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) which acts as a conductive pore embedded in lipid membrane to allow the translocation of ssDNA and unwinding of dsDNA.

Mesoscale connectomic mapping of the cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic network reveals key architectural and information processing features.

Xu Tan, Yong Yang and colleagues identify patients with epidermolysis bullosa harboring mutations in KLHL24, which encodes a cullin 3–RBX1 ubiquitin ligase substrate receptor. They find that truncating mutations stabilize the protein by abolishing autoubiquitination, leading to enhanced ubiquitination and degradation of KRT14, the target substrate of KLHL24.

Observations of γ-rays with energies up to 1.4 PeV find that 12 sources in the Galaxy are PeVatrons, one of which is the Crab Nebula.

The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network has constructed a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex in a landmark effort towards understanding brain cell-type diversity, neural circuit organization and brain function.

Yuxian Zhu and colleagues report the draft genome of a diploid cotton Gossypium raimondii. This species is a wild South American cotton, whose progenitor is thought to have been the contributor of the D subgenome of the allotetraploid commercial species Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense, which account for ~95% of the worldwide cotton crop.

A Cas9-based gene therapy that replaces expanded CAG repeats in the mutant HTT allele causing Huntington’s disease by a normal CAG repeat led to substantial reductions in neurological symptoms in a pig model of the disease.

At the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, observations of two meson species produced by heavy-ion collisions, ϕ and K^*0, show surprising patterns of global spin alignment, being unexpectedly large and consistent with zero, respectively.

Using more than 100 independent iPSC lines derived from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, the authors discovered loci associated with the neuronal production of amyloid β and confirmed their influence using RNA interference.

Gas discharge plasma sources are bulky and of limited use in remote areas with no external power supply. Here the authors create triboelectric plasma by triggering TENGs with mechanical stimuli and discuss its application as a portable plasma source.