Pre-operative diagnosis of biliary strictures often presents as a challenge to clinicians. Strictures have a range of benign causes, but can also be a result of cancer and so an ability to diagnose them accurately is very important. In this Review the authors discuss the existing modalities of assessing strictures and argue that a multimodal and multidisciplinary approach is likely to be best. New biomarkers and emerging techniques are hoped to improve diagnostic capabilities in future.
- Christopher L. Bowlus
- Kristin A. Olson
- M. Eric Gershwin
