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Attosecond transient reflection spectroscopy is used to experimentally observe the attosecond electron dynamics of a crystalline diamond, showing that virtual interband transitions affect the timing and adiabaticity of the crystal response and thus providing insights for the development of information processing and petahertz electronics.

Here, the authors present paleogenomics, dental histology, geochemistry, radiocarbon dating, and bioarchaeological analysis of an Upper Palaeolithic infant from Grotta delle Mura (southern Italy). These data depict the health and development of the individual and point to regional population turnover at the time.

Secco et al. develop a genetic tracing method, CycleTrack, to monitor cardiac regeneration. CycleTrack visualizes cardiomyocyte turnover in neonatal and adult mice, after myocardial infarction, and upon stimulation with pro-regenerative microRNAs.

NA-PHER2 was a neoadjuvant trial of HER2-targeted trastuzumab and pertuzumab plus the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib with or without endocrine therapy in HER2-positive, ER-positive breast cancer. Here the authors report biomarkers predictive of pathological response and treatment-induced molecular changes in patients from the trial.

Catalytically oxidizing water to produce oxygen is so challenging that even the enzyme that performs the task in nature must be regenerated every 30 mins. Now, stable oxygen-evolving anodes have been made by tethering a polyoxometalate catalyst to a conducting bed of carbon nanotubes.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are known to have impact on Earth’s lower ionosphere, but GRB impacts on the upper ionosphere was not observed before. Here, the authors show strong electric field variation at 500 km in the ionosphere caused by GRB221009A.

The first steps of charge transfer in molecules after their interaction with light occur on an ultrafast timescale. Now, by combining attosecond pump/few-femtosecond probe spectroscopy with quantum chemistry calculations, it has been shown that a concerted nuclear and electronic motion drives electron transfer in donor–π–acceptor molecules on a sub-10-fs timescale.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites embedding CsPbBr₃ perovskite nanocrystals can be used to simultaneously achieve optimized parameters in scintillator devices.

The human heart regenerates poorly, causing insufficient healing after injury; here, microRNAs screened for the ability to induce cardiomyocyte proliferation are shown to stimulate cardiac regeneration and almost complete recovery of the heart after infarction.

CD8⁺ T cells reprogram their metabolism in response to the gut environment. Upon sensing of PGE₂, gut CD8⁺ T cells reduce their mitochondrial content, an event that ultimately shapes the pool of CD8⁺ T cells in the intestinal tissue.

Attosecond transient reflectivity spectroscopy, in combination with extensive time-dependent density functional theory calculations, is used to study field-driven carrier injection in germanium in the time window of few femtoseconds around pulse overlap, paving a route towards achieving full optical control over charge carriers in semiconductors.

Replication stress has been associated with transient remodelling of replication intermediates into reversed forks, followed by efficient fork restart. Here the authors systematically analyse the role of RAD51 paralogs in these transactions, providing insights on the mechanistic role of different complexes of these proteins.

Type I interferons have been described to have protumor or antitumor functions depending on context. Here the authors show a protumor function for type I interferons in that they promote cancer stem cells by upregulating the chromatin remodeling factor KDM1B.

It is shown that CsPbBr₃ nanocrystals exhibit good radiation hardness for high γ-radiation doses, as high as 1 MGy. Electron trapping in surface defects limits scintillator applications, but is shown to be suppressed by surface fluorination treatment.

OPA1 regulates the formation of the distinct mitochondrial morphology observed in T helper 17 cells, which influences cytokine expression via LKB1.

Floquet engineering aims at inducing new properties in materials with light. Here the authors have used pulses of variable durations, to investigate its applicability in the femtosecond ___domain. Surprisingly, they found that it holds to the few-cycle limit.

Genome-wide association analysis of irritable bowel syndrome identifies genetic susceptibility loci and highlights shared pathways with mood and anxiety disorders.

The capability to follow electron motion in solids is necessary to explore the ultimate speed limits of optical charge manipulation and signal processing in optoelectronic devices. Here, the authors reveal the sub-femtosecond dynamics of core excitons in MgF₂ and find the dual atomic-solid nature of the exciton quasi-particle to deeply affect its ultrafast dynamics.

Therapeutic resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment is incompletely understood in adolescent and young-adult (AYA) patients with melanoma. Here, the authors demonstrate that AYA patients exhibit a unique stroma-infiltrating T cell immunogenomic profile compared with adults, which impacts on their responsiveness to immunotherapy.

Shooting glass beads across the inside of a satellite could probe the limits of quantum wave behaviour. Here’s how.

The self-assembly of building blocks is an enticing route towards functional materials, yet understanding and controlling the mechanisms at play has remained challenging. Now the different morphologies and emission colours of the aggregates of a platinum(II) compound has enabled its assembly pathways into different structures to be controlled and visualized in real time.

Here the authors show how metabolic alteration of acyl chain composition affects phosphoinositide-driven signaling to initiate and sustain CD8⁺ T cell effector function during cell differentiation.

An analysis of 3,757 Sardinian genomes identifies 122 association signals for 459 immune cell traits at 69 loci. Some variants are associated with autoimmune disorders.

Vehicles are responsible for a large share of urban air pollution, but emissions estimates omit the full driving cycle or focus on only a few vehicles. Using GPS traces, emissions from thousands of private vehicles in three European cities are estimated to identify gross polluters and grossly polluted roads.

A quadruple mutant of Arabidopsis lacking all four subunits of light harvesting complex I (LHCI) compensates by binding LHCII complexes to photosystem I instead. This maintained similar excitation energy transfer efficiency but with a much reduced absorption cross-section.

mTOR inhibition induces autophage-mediated degradation but few mTOR targets in the process have been identified so far. Cecconi and colleagues show that mTOR inhibits the autophagy regulator AMBRA1 by phosphorylation. Following autophagy induction, AMBRA1 is dephosphorylated and interacts with the E3 ligase TRAF6 to stabilize and activate ULK1 (a kinase required for autophagy) through its ubiquitylation.

Cell-based screening assays allow functional testing of chemicals but do not mimic the in vivosituation well. Here, the authors report a method for the discovery of secreted cytoprotective factors in mice and use it to demonstrate that the hormone ghrelin protects cardiac muscle from ischaemic damage.

mTOR signalling both inhibits autophagy and promotes cell proliferation. Cecconi and colleagues report that AMBRA1 links these two processes by facilitating dephosphorylation and degradation of the proto-oncogene c-Myc.

The production of nitric oxide (NO) is required for early stage embryo implantation into the uterus. Here the authors show that during differentiation of naive mouse ESCs, early production of endogenous NO leads to a mesendoderm differentiation commitment pathway by inhibiting the action of the transcriptional repressor Zeb1.