Two parallel semiconducting TiO2 zones, anatase and rutile, are made to have lower and higher electron densities, respectively, and form periodically organized junctions through anatase–rutile-phase transition in selective areas by laser irradiation on the titanium bone implants. The periodic junctions result in the formation of a periodic microscale electric field (MEF), built-in on the implants, which in turn efficiently induces and promotes osteogenesis.
- Chengyun Ning
- Peng Yu
- Chuanbin Mao
