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Previous ophthalmic foundation models have struggled to generalize effectively to diverse and rare fundus diseases, restricting their clinical applicability. Here, the authors introduce a vision-language foundation model that demonstrates superior performance in diagnosing both common and rare fundus conditions.

Low-carbon lifestyles could reduce global carbon footprints by 10.4 gigatons CO₂e by targeting the top 23.7% of emitting households. This study quantifies 21 low-carbon expenditures while noting potential rebound effects that may offset carbon savings.

Treatment selection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC) after hepatectomy remains challenging. Here, the authors develop HEROVision, a Vision Transformer-based model for personalised prognosis prediction and treatment optimisation in rHCC based on clinical and imaging data, outperforming other guideline staging systems and revealing patients who would benefit from changing treatments.

Monitoring the early-stage healing of severe traumatic nerve injuries is essential to gather pathological information for timely interventions. Here, the authors introduce a biodegradable and restorative neural interface for wireless real-time tracking.

The haptic interface is an essential part of human–machine interfaces where tactile information is delivered between human and machine. Yao et al. develop a soft, ultrathin, miniaturized and wireless electrotactile system that allows virtual tactile information to be reproduced over the hand.

A haplotype-resolved genome of hybrid sugarcane cultivar XTT22 and population analyses of Saccharum accessions highlight the genome evolution of allopolyploids and provide opportunities for sugarcane breeding.

The human AAA+protein p97 plays an important role in cellular protein homeostasis. Here, the authors use cryo-EM to obtain further insights into how p97 interacts with its co-factor Npl4 and they observe three distinct conformational states of Npl4 in complex with human p97, which suggests that a seesaw motion is essential for the unfolding activity of the p97 complex.

Structures of Ubr1 in complex with Ubc2, ubiquitin and two N-degron peptides reveal a Ubc2-binding region and an acceptor ubiquitin-binding loop on Ubr1, providing mechanistic insights into the initiation and elongation steps of ubiquitination catalysed by Ubr1.

A linkage-specific tool for K29-linked polyubiquitin was developed, enabling the discovery that K29-linked ubiquitination participates in multiple cellular pathways, including the proteotoxic stress response and cell cycle regulation.

The complete biosynthesis of the fungal indole alkaloid malbrancheamide, which culminates in an intramolecular [4+2] hetero-Diels–Alder cyclization to produce the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane scaffold, has now been discovered. Chemical synthesis and protein structural analysis were used to provide mechanistic insight into this enzyme-dependent diastereo- and enantioselective cycloaddition.

Ice sheets and precession are shown to control westerly strength and position, impacting nutrient-rich water upwelling and productivity in the subarctic Pacific. This finding underscores the subarctic Pacific’s significant contribution to Pleistocene CO2, particularly on a precession timescale.

A series of high-resolution cryo-EM structures of substrate-engaged human p97 AAA ATPase reveal critical conformational changes of the intersubunit signaling motifs, which contribute to the spiral staircase conformation of the D1 and D2 rings of p97.

The Russia–Ukraine war triggered an energy crisis that affected the cost of many goods and services. Guan et al. model the direct and indirect impacts of increased energy prices across expenditure groups and countries, finding temporary increases in total household energy costs of 63–113% under different scenarios.

Analysis of 4,578 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates reveals the evolutionary history of the four tuberculosis genotypes in China, from emergence 1,000 years ago to expansion, population peaks and, more recently, dominance of the indigenous sublineage L2.3.

The tumor microenvironment can influence patient survival response to therapy. Here, the authors used single-cell sequencing to investigate the microenvironment of nasopharyngeal cancer and identify tumor-specific signatures in five stromal clusters of cells that may influence patient survival.

Mutations in the Wnt co-receptor, LRP5, lead to skeletal diseases in humans. Matthew Warman and his colleagues have now developed mutant mice with tissue-specific alterations of Lrp5 expression and found that these mice phenocopy the human skeletal diseases. They also found that Lrp5 acts locally to affect bone homeostasis. Their data suggest that increasing LRP5 signaling in mature bone cells may be a strategy to treat osteoporosis.

A transcriptomics study demonstrates cell-type-specific responses to differentially aged blood and shows young blood to have restorative and rejuvenating effects that may be invoked through enhanced mitochondrial function.

A single-cell transcriptomic atlas across the lifespan of the mouse, denoted Tabula Muris Senis, provides molecular information about the hallmarks of ageing in a range of tissues and cell types.

Kodama et al. show that microglia from male and female adult mice have distinct microRNA profiles and that loss of microglial microRNAs leads to sex-specific changes in the microglial transcriptome and tau pathology.

Bulk RNA sequencing of organs and plasma proteomics at different ages across the mouse lifespan is integrated with data from the Tabula Muris Senis, a transcriptomic atlas of ageing mouse tissues, to describe organ-specific changes in gene expression during ageing.

Ubiquitination and downstream reactions are dynamic, reversible processes with functionally transient intermediates. This protocol describes the preparation of stable mimics that can be used for structural and functional studies.

Peizeng Yang, Zhenglin Yang and colleagues report results of a genome-wide association study of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. They confirm strong association with the HLA region and identify two new susceptibility loci, including variants near IL23R.