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Functional roles of natural acetylcholine (ACh) dynamics are not fully understood. This study reveals dynamic changes in ACh release across the mouse striatum during learning and extinction, identifying how and where release dynamics shape brain plasticity to gate learning and promote extinction of cue-reward associations.

Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) is an uncommon tumor, which has been associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Here the authors perform comprehensive genome-wide characterization of HPV-associated and HPV-independent SNSCC patient samples to reveal molecular patterns of tumorigenesis and identify HPV-driven mutational profiles.

This study reconstructs the evolution of leaf venation networks, describing the transition from fewer, corrugated veins to high vein density and smoother loops. It also suggests herbivory as a potential driver of venation architectural changes.

Pathological B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is a key driver of mantle cell lymphoma tumorigenesis. Here, the authors discover that CEACAM1, an immunoglobulin-like transmembrane protein, is essential for a subset of mantle cell lymphoma through activation of the BCR.

FLAMES is a machine learning approach combining variant fine-mapping, SNP-to-gene annotations and convergence-based gene prioritization scores to identify candidate effector genes at genome-wide associated loci with high accuracy.

Metabolic engineering is often hampered by non-linear kinetics and allosteric regulatory mechanisms. Here, the authors construct a quantitative model for the pentose degradation Weimberg pathway in Caulobacter crescentus and demonstrate its biotechnological applications in cell-free system and standard metabolic engineering.

Polygenic risk scores for Alzheimer’s disease derived from individuals of European ancestry can show improved performance in multiancestry settings after incorporating genome-wide association summary statistics from diverse populations.

This study enhanced prime editing (PE) for dicot plants using new combinations of PE components delivered by a geminiviral replicon. This achieved up to 38.2% PE efficiency in tomatoes and Arabidopsis, enabling precise breeding applications in dicots.

Genome-wide analyses identify 30 independent loci associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder, highlighting genetic overlap with other psychiatric disorders and implicating putative effector genes and cell types contributing to its etiology.

Neural crest cells differentiate into distinct fates during craniofacial morphogenesis, though how these are acquired remains unclear. Here they show that mesenchymal progenitors in the mouse maxilla are committed to specific fates before they arrive at their final anatomical locations.

Glioblastoma (GBM) treatment faces challenges due to drug resistance. Here, the authors show that lysine-arginine balance supports lysosomes mediated tolerance to temozolomide and lysine restriction mimetic increases anticancer therapies in GBM preclinical models.

Dosing interval has been suggested as a modifier in the risk of myocarditis associated with Covid-19 mRNA vaccination. Here, the authors show that longer intervals between each consecutive dose, including booster, may decrease the occurrence of myocarditis, especially under age 50.

Cohesion is associated with many forms of cancer. De Lange et al. show that such cohesion defects can sensitise cells to apoptosis in response to a new APC/C ubiquitin ligase inhibitor, by prolonging mitotic arrest and checkpoint activation due to cohesion fatigue.

Thermoelectric devices enable heat-electricity conversion, but achieving a large Nernst effect typically requires strong magnetic fields. Here, the authors demonstrate that YbMnBi₂, with its unique band topology and magnetic order, exhibits a remarkably high anomalous Nernst thermopower among magnetic materials, offering a promising route for efficient transverse thermoelectric applications.

Kim et al. show that NAD⁺ kinase 2 serves as a source of mitochondrial NADPH to support mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, protein lipoylation and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism.

Conspiracy theories and conspiracy thinking are becoming an increasing concern for researchers, politicians and policymakers. In this Perspective, the authors examine the evidence for how conspiracy beliefs affect sustainability beliefs and attitudes.

People regularly punish norm violations using gossip and direct confrontation. Here, the authors show that the use of gossip versus direct confrontation is context sensitive, with confrontation used more when punishers have more to gain, and gossip used more when the costs of retaliation loom large.

In response to phage infection, the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) ___domain protein ThsB of the type II Thoeris defence system produces histidine conjugated to ADP-ribose, which stimulates bacterial defence by interacting with the Macro ___domain of the ThsA membrane effector protein.

Genetic studies may be biased due to volunteer-based biobanks. Using UK Biobank, the authors apply inverse probability weighting based on UK Census data, finding that genome-wide association studies showed bias in SNP effect sizes, heritability, and gene-set tissue expression.

This study deduces from first principles how sea ice and seawater shape light spectra in fundamentally different ways. The loss of sea ice may thus trigger changes in both the pigment and species composition of primary producers in polar ecosystems.

Traditional non-volatile memories suffer from poor scalability in the vertical direction due to the use of a bulky oxide layer. Here, the authors develop a tunnelling random access memory using a vertical heterostructure composed of atomically thin molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride and graphene.

In this randomized, controlled integrated phase 1/2/3a/3b clinical trial, the authors show that the self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine ARCT-154 shows good immunogenicity and is safe and efficient against COVID-19 (57% against any COVID-19, and 95% against severe COVID-19).

The medial temporal lobe (MTL) in the primate brain is known to alter its response when learning new information. Here, Reddy et al.record the activity of single neurons from human subjects, and show that learning a sequence of events can increase MTL neuronal firing rates in anticipation of the upcoming events.

The authors demonstrate integration of a single-slit diffraction method into linear-array transducers for advancing 3D photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging in biological tissues. The method enhances spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio while maintaining low-cost and practicality.

This study presents an anatomical, neurophysiological and functional characterization of four distinct prefrontal populations that project to striatal and thalamic sub-regions. The authors show that each of these populations have a discrete role in the regulation of cognitive control.

Zhang et al. show that bone marrow fatty acid metabolism fuels expanded leukocyte production after myocardial infarction and, based on mouse, pig and human data, suggest that lipolysis in marrow adipocytes provides fatty acids to hematopoietic stem cells.

Low seismic velocity anomalies reveal a complex scenario of plume upwellings from a deep thermo-chemical anomaly (superplume) in the mantle below the East African Rift, however, geophysical observations alone are insufficient to identify the extent of plume influence on the magmatism along the rift. Here, the authors use Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data to show that superplume mantle underlies the entire rift system, from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean south of Mozambique.

Coral reefs and related fish populations are under threat of extinction unless additional conservation measures are put in place. Focusing on 12 countries with diverse income and tropical reef proximity, this study analyses the willingness of the public to pay for global coral and reef fish conservation.

The study describes the use of integrative approaches to search for candidate therapeutic targets for DIPG, and the identification of an HDAC inhibitor as a potential treatment strategy

VIP interneurons have been shown to disinhibit pyramidal neurons by inhibiting other interneuron types. Here, the authors report that ChAT-VIP subtype of interneurons directly excite pyramidal neurons in multiple layers via fast cholinergic neurotransmission.