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Gold-siRNA clusters boost the immune response of radiotherapy against primary and distant tumors.

Neck dissection and/or elective nodal irradiation (ENI) are commonly performed in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to minimize local and regional recurrence. However, here the authors show that ENI blunts the immune response to combined radiation and immunotherapy, increasing local and distant tumor growth in HNSCC preclinical models.

Prostate cancer is heterogenous in response to therapy. Here, the authors analyse genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and phosphoproteomics data from 145 prostate cancer patients to identify NANS as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer.

The electro-oxidative synthesis of valued chemicals offers to enhance the overall efficiency and economic viability of renewable electrosynthesis systems. Here, the authors use dopant-tuned catalysts to promote the electrosynthesis of dimethyl carbonate from CO and methanol via oxidative carbonylation.

The authors observe electron interference using the Auger electron emitted from an O₂ molecule ionized by a soft X-ray photon. The interference disappears when the ___location of the O⁺ can be determined from the final state observed.

Ulcerations of the oral cavity, or oral mucositis, often occur during radiation treatment for cancers of the head or neck or during bone marrow transplantation. Xiao-Jing Wang and colleagues now show that in a mouse model, Smad7 is an effective treatment for this condition, offering more hope for its clinical management.

Phosphorylation of ACSL4 by mitochondria-located metabolic kinase PCK2 is critical to regulating ferroptosis-associated phospholipid remodeling in tumor-repopulating cells that are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Understanding principles of neuronal connectivity requires tools for quantification and visualization of large datasets. Here, the authors introduce an online resource encompassing the coordinates of two million neurons labelled by tracer injections in the marmoset cortex, and analysis tools.

Anxiety is thought to be evolutionarily rooted in predator defense. Yan et al. show that GABAergic neurons in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN), a node in the predator defense network, play an essential role in anxiety-like behaviors.

Biocompatible afterglow materials have potential in imaging applications, but are challenging to prepare. Here the authors report the development of carbon nanodots with near-infrared afterglow, and demonstrate their use in imaging for tumour resection.

The neural mechanism underlying flexible switching between different task rules is unclear. Here the authors analyzed trained modular recurrent neural network models with different cell types to reveal a circuit mechanism for uncued task switching.

The neural circuit mechanisms underlying chronic pain and comorbid anhedonia remain poorly understood. Here, the authors show the critical role of the DRN–VTA–NAcMed pathway in establishing and modulating chronic neuropathic pain and comorbid anhedonia.

TRAF family proteins regulate immune signalling cascades. Here, the authors show that TRAF3 is upregulated in the liver in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, promoting insulin resistance, inflammation and hepatic steatosis via its interaction with the kinase TAK1.

TRAF6 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase regulating a number of biological processes. Here the authors show that ROS, generated during pathological cardiac stress, induces TRAF6 auto-ubiquitination and activation, promoting its interaction with and ubiquitination of TAK1 that contributes to development of cardiac hypertrophy.

ALOX12-mediated generation of 12-HETE leads to GPR31 activation and liver injury in ischemia–reperfusion, which can be targeted in a nonhuman primate model to improve outcome.

Certain biological properties vary across different areas of the cerebral cortex. In this Perspective, Xiao-Jing Wang proposes that macroscopic gradients in some properties align with functional hierarchy and can lead to qualitative differences in function.

It is challenging to separate middle-sized molecules from complex mixtures using traditional molecular sieves. Here a metal–organic framework has been developed with dynamic molecular pockets that can adjust and accommodate alkynes preferentially, realizing efficient production of high-purity ethylene from its mixtures with alkynes regardless of their molecular sizes.

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is a key mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression. Targeting TLR4 degradation via the lysosome pathway improves outcome in mouse and monkey models of this condition.

Learning-to-learn refers to progressive speedup in solving a series of problems with shared structure. This study shows that it emerges in recurrent neural networks from the reuse and refinement of a neural state subspace underlying schema formation.

Zhu Chen, Sai-Juan Chen and colleagues report exome sequencing of acute monocytic leukemia, a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia. They identified somatic mutations of DNMT3A, which encodes a DNA methyltransferase, in 20% of cases.

Targeting CFLAR in mouse and non-human primates ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by decreasing JNK signaling in hepatocytes.

Primate cortex can be organized with specialization and hierarchical principles, but presently there is little evidence for how it is organized temporally. Across six separate datasets, the authors find a hierarchical ordering of intrinsic fluctuation of spiking activity, with timescales that increase from sensory to prefrontal areas.

Identifying pathways that cause pathological cardiac hypertrophy holds great therapeutic potential. Here the authors discover one such pathway and show that SIKE, an inhibitor of interferon signalling, prevents pathological but not physiological cardiac hypertrophy by interacting with TBK1 and modulating the TBK1/AKT signalling in rodents and monkeys.

A dynamic molecular sieve made from a metal–organic framework with orthogonally arrayed pockets is capable of separating propylene (C₃H₆) from a propylene (C₃H₆)/propane (C₃H₈) gas mixture.

Low-frequency quasiperiodic oscillations in X-ray data are thought to trace the accretion flow in X-ray binaries. Here, the detection of 200 keV oscillations probes the innermost regions of MAXI J1820+070, revealing the precession of a small-scale jet.

Understanding strong X-ray induced phenomena is important for applications of X-ray free-electron laser imaging. Here, the authors show time-resolved measurements of X-ray free-electron laser induced electronic decay of CH₂I₂ molecule probed with NIR pulses and identify mechanisms behind different transient states lifetimes.

The high reactivity of open-shell alkyl radicals makes their use in asymmetric catalysis challenging. Here the authors report a catalytic enantioselective desymmetrizing reaction of alkyl radicals and diols, forming stereocentres at the reaction site and at sites remote from it.

Froudist-Walsh et al. reveal organizational principles of receptor densities in macaque cortex. Densities of multiple receptor types align with changes in dendritic properties, myelin and functional networks. Data are openly released to the community.

Prefrontal cortex can be flexibly engaged in many different tasks. Yang et al. trained an artificial neural network to solve 20 cognitive tasks. Functionally specialized modules and compositional representations emerged in the network after training.

The nature of the signals that propagate through feedforward networks is not well understood. Here, the authors combine microfabrication, multilayer cortical cultures, and optogenetic stimulation to show that NMDA-mediated synaptic current generates a sustained phase of activity that propagates firing rate signals.

Critical period plasticity describes a developmental process whereby neural circuits are fine-tuned for specific functions. Here, the authors show that the Rett syndrome protein MeCP2 in GABAergic parvalbumin-expressing neurons is required for critical period plasticity of the visual cortex.

Cortical circuits receive simultaneous inputs from multiple pathways and are able to flexibly select the appropriate inputs for processing. Here the authors propose a network model in which dendritic branch-specific disinhibition established through synaptic plasticity achieves pathway-specific gating.

According to reinforcement learning theory, reward expectation reflects an integration of past rewards over a fixed time scale. Here the authors extract signals about reward memory from neurons in the prefrontal, cingulate and parietal cortex, finding a wide range of time constants across the neuronal population, with a power-law distribution.